St. John's Wort Herbarium
Latin Name: Hypericum perforatum (L.)
Family: Hypericaceae
Descriptive Characteristics: shrubby perennial, bright yellow flowers (Petersen, 2018, p. 204). Chevallier (2016) says this plant grows to 32 inches tall. The flowers are bright yellow and are in a cluster (p. 106). Heinerman (1996) says it grows all over the world in fields, dry conditions, and gravelly soil. The root is woody and branched with runners from the base of the plant (reminds me of blackberries). The leaves are opposite and oblong to linear. The leaves have oil glands that look like holes. The flowers are yellow with black dots on the petals and along the margins (p. 421).
Part of the plant used: Flowering tops and leaves. Chevalllier (2016) says just the flowering tops (p. 106). Hoffman (2003) says aerial parts (p. 559). Gladstar (2012) says the bud and flower but the leaves can be used (p. 199).
Texture:
Color:
Aroma:
Flavor:
Constituents: Petersen (2018) says anthraquinone derivatives (hyperacin, pseudohypericin – both have anti-depressive and antiviral properties), hyperforin (a phloroglucinol derivative) inhibits the reuptake of neurotramsitters, xanthones and flavonoids such as flavonols, flavones, glycosides, bioflavonoids, catechins; the volatile oil has hydrocarbons, sesquiterpenes and monosesquiterpenes. Alpha-pinene, carophyllene, caffeic acid derivatives, chlorogenic acids, carotenoids, choline, nicotinamide, pectin, tannins and phenols (p. 204-5). Chevallier (2016) says phloroglucinols (hyperforin), polycyclic diones (hypericin), and flavonoids (p. 106). Hoffman (2003) says volatile oil (caryophyllene, methyl-2-octane, n-nonane, n-octanal, n-decanal, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene), naphthodianthones (hypericin, pseudohypericin), phloroglucinols (hyperforin), catechins, proanthocyanidins, and flavonoids (hyperoside, rutin) (p. 559). Gladstar (2012) says hypericin, hyperiforin, pseudohypericin, procyanidins, tannins, and flavonoids (p. 199).
Therapeutic Actions: Petersen (2018) says antibacterial, anti-depressive, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, astringent, sedative, vulnerary (p. 205). Chevallier (2016) says antidepressant, anxiolytic, antiviral, wound healer, and anti-inflammatory (p. 106). Hoffman (2003) says anti-inflammatory, astringent, vulnerary, nervine, sedative and antimicrobial (p. 559). Clark (2011) anti-inflammatory, astringent, nervine, and vulnerary and is a choice for infant care as a result (p. 52). Gladstar (2012) says antibacterial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory (p. 199). Kennedy (2007) says antidepressant and antiviral (p. 216).
Indications: Petersen (2018) says anxiety, depression, duodenal ulcers, dyspepsia, fibrositis, first-degree burns, gastric ulcers, herpes, infections, myalgia, nervous unrest, neuralgia, sciatica, skin inflammation, wounds (p. 205). Chevallier (2016) says depression, viral infections such as flu, herpes, and hepatitis B and C, restorative, neuroprotective, nervous exhaustion, decreased mood, seasonal affective disorder, chronic anxiety, insomnia, knife/stab wounds, promotes healing following surgery and burns, neuralgia, shingles, sciatica, and toothaches (p. 106). Hoffman (2003) says sedative, pain-relief, neuralgia, anxiety, tension, menopausal irritability/anxiety, depression (may be overblown), fibrositis, sciatica, rheumatic pain, used as a lotion for wound healing, bruises, varicose veins, mild burns; infused oil for sunburns; twitching, nerve injuries in joints, extremities, teeth/gums, promotes elimination of catabolic waste, sacral spine pain, coccyx, traumatic shock, hemorrhoids (with pain/bleeding), fascial neuralgia, neurasthenia, and chorea (p. 559). Clark (2011) says (topically) bruises, mild burns, sores, skin problems such as rashes, dry/irritated skin, achy back/neck, nerve pain, sciatica, sunburn, varicose veins, eczema, psoriasis, teething rash, surgical scars, insect bites and stings, the tea quiets/relaxes the mind, anxiety, bed-wetting, depression, nervous disposition, and traumatic shock (p. 52-3). She adds ear pain on page 84. She also adds hand foot and mouth disease on page 91. She adds sprains on page 94. Gladstar (2012) says burns, bruises, cuts, skin injuries, ear infections, Bell’s palsy, multiple sclerosis, nervous system diseases, sciatica, mild depression, anxiety, stress, tension, nerve damage, and seasonal affective disorder (SAD) (p. 198, 200). Kennedy (2007) says arthritis, fibromyalgia, depression, muscle aches, and sciatica (p. 216).
Formulary:
Petersen (2018, p. 204)
Anxiety, depression, menopausal nervousness, Nervous unrest, ulcers: Use dried herb (in capsules), fluid extract or tincture.
Blunt wound, bruises, first degree burn, fibrositis, injuries, myalgia, sciatica: infused oil.
Hypercal or Hypericum and calendula lotion (p. 208): 2 oz calendula tincture and 2 oz St. John’s wort tincture. Mix and store in dark glass jar. Add 1t to ½ c boiled and cooled water and use on affected area.
Healing ointment (p. 208-9): 2 oz comfrey root, 1 oz St. John’s Wort flowers, 1 oz plantain leaf, 1 oz calendula flowers, 1 oz mullein flowers, Cold-pressed olive oil, 1-2 oz beeswax. Grind herbs finely. Place in preserving jar and cover with olive oil. Place in warm place for 10-14 days. Shake twice daily. Strain. Place in a double boiler. For every cup of oil, add 1-2 oz beeswax. Consistency is up to you. You can test consistency by placing some in a spoon and putting it in the fridge for 5 minutes. Add more wax to make it harder, add more oil to make it softer.
Chevallier (2016)
Anxiety, Depression, tension (p. 308)
Back Pain (p. 313)
Bites and Stings (p. 303)
Cold sores, chicken pox, shingles (p. 304)
Depression and decreased vitality due to menopause (p. 316)
Neuralgia (p. 308)
Stiff and aching joints (p. 313)
Tired and aching muscles (p. 312)
Heinerman (1996)
Cancer (p. 421)
Cerebrospinal Problems (p. 422)
Clark (2011)
Tea (p. 65) for bedwetting, anxiety, stress (Can use 5-10 drops of tincture instead)
Depression (p. 100) 20 drops of tincture, 2-3/day
St. John’s Wort Salve (p. 164): burns, fungal infections (Not for children under 6 months of age)
Soothing Salve (p. 175): Not for children under 1 year of age
Gladstar (2012)
Heartease Tea (p. 146)
St. John’s wort oil (p. 200): burns, bruises, cuts, skin injuries, ear infections, Bell’s palsy, multiple sclerosis, nervous system diseases
St. John’s Wort Salve (p. 201): rashes, burns, cuts, wounds
St. John’s Wort Liniment (p. 201): achy muscles, joints, or bones, including spasms
St. John’s Wort Lighten-up Tea (p. 202)
St. John’s Wort Tincture for SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) (p. 202)
Kennedy (2007)
Chickweed-Goldenseal Ointment with St. John’s Wort (p. 107): itchy, inflamed hemorrhoids
St. John’s Wort Tea (p. 128): anxiety, minor depression, insomnia
Dosage:
Petersen (2018, p. 204): All are 3/day
Infusion: 2-4g
Fluid extract: 1:1 25%, 2-4 ml
Tincture: 1:10 45%, 2-4ml
Infused oil: 5-10ml
Essential oil: 3-5 drops
Chevallier (2016, p. 106)
Infused oil: Steep herb in oil for 6 weeks. Dab on wounds/burns
Cream: for cramps or neuralgia, rub on affected parts
Tincture: take ½ t in water 3/day for depression
Hoffman (2003, p. 559)
1:5 40% Tincture: 2-4 ml 3/day
Infusion: 1-2 t to 1c boiling water. Steep 10-15 minutes 3/day
Extract: 300 mg 3/day (3-5% hyperforin)
BHP
Dried Herb: 2-4 g 3/day
1:10 45% Tincture: 2-4 ml
1:1 25% Extract: 2-4ml
Commission E
Herb: 2-4g
Other forms: .2-1 mg of hypericin
Safety/Contraindications: Petersen (2018) says not to use this with tricyclics, SSRIs, or medications that are metabolized by the cytochrome P450 metabolic pathway. However, the Herb Research Foundation says the P450 information is incorrect. Potential side effects include: emotional vulnerability, fatigue, pruritus, weight increase and photosensitivity. When taking this herb, avoid foods that have tyramine, alcohol, tyrosine, narcotics, amphetamines, and manufactured cold/flu medicine. Uterotonic activity has been observed with this herb but is very slight. Use in limited doses during pregnancy and lactation. Chevallier (2016) says this interacts with certain medications, reducing the length they stay in the blood stream, thereby reducing their effectiveness (p. 106). Hoffman (2003) says using 1mg or less has had no effects reported. High doses may cause photosensitization. Increases serotonin when using other SSRIs so use caution or do not use at all in combination with these drugs. Affects the cytochrome P450 system – reduces effectiveness of nonesdating antihistamines, oral contraceptives, some antiretroviral drugs, antiepileptic drugs, calcium channel blockers (heart medication), cyclosporine, select chemotherapeutic drugs, macrolide antibiotics, and some antifungals (p. 559). Clark (2011) says photosensitivity is a potential side effect and not to use this with antidepressants or severe depression or MAO inhibitors (p. 53). Gladstar (2012) says it can cause photosensitivity. Use for depression with consult of a professional. It takes weeks for this herb to be effective for depression and there may be negative effects using it with drugs. Use while pregnant only under the care of a professional (p. 199).
Lab, Notes And Media:
On 25 April, 2019, I started 29g of herb at the lowest alcohol percentage of t he available recipes, 40%. My menstruum was 145 with no dilution. I strained my tincture on 9 May. It all fit in a 2oz dropper bottle.
Family: Hypericaceae
Descriptive Characteristics: shrubby perennial, bright yellow flowers (Petersen, 2018, p. 204). Chevallier (2016) says this plant grows to 32 inches tall. The flowers are bright yellow and are in a cluster (p. 106). Heinerman (1996) says it grows all over the world in fields, dry conditions, and gravelly soil. The root is woody and branched with runners from the base of the plant (reminds me of blackberries). The leaves are opposite and oblong to linear. The leaves have oil glands that look like holes. The flowers are yellow with black dots on the petals and along the margins (p. 421).
Part of the plant used: Flowering tops and leaves. Chevalllier (2016) says just the flowering tops (p. 106). Hoffman (2003) says aerial parts (p. 559). Gladstar (2012) says the bud and flower but the leaves can be used (p. 199).
Texture:
Color:
Aroma:
Flavor:
Constituents: Petersen (2018) says anthraquinone derivatives (hyperacin, pseudohypericin – both have anti-depressive and antiviral properties), hyperforin (a phloroglucinol derivative) inhibits the reuptake of neurotramsitters, xanthones and flavonoids such as flavonols, flavones, glycosides, bioflavonoids, catechins; the volatile oil has hydrocarbons, sesquiterpenes and monosesquiterpenes. Alpha-pinene, carophyllene, caffeic acid derivatives, chlorogenic acids, carotenoids, choline, nicotinamide, pectin, tannins and phenols (p. 204-5). Chevallier (2016) says phloroglucinols (hyperforin), polycyclic diones (hypericin), and flavonoids (p. 106). Hoffman (2003) says volatile oil (caryophyllene, methyl-2-octane, n-nonane, n-octanal, n-decanal, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene), naphthodianthones (hypericin, pseudohypericin), phloroglucinols (hyperforin), catechins, proanthocyanidins, and flavonoids (hyperoside, rutin) (p. 559). Gladstar (2012) says hypericin, hyperiforin, pseudohypericin, procyanidins, tannins, and flavonoids (p. 199).
Therapeutic Actions: Petersen (2018) says antibacterial, anti-depressive, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, astringent, sedative, vulnerary (p. 205). Chevallier (2016) says antidepressant, anxiolytic, antiviral, wound healer, and anti-inflammatory (p. 106). Hoffman (2003) says anti-inflammatory, astringent, vulnerary, nervine, sedative and antimicrobial (p. 559). Clark (2011) anti-inflammatory, astringent, nervine, and vulnerary and is a choice for infant care as a result (p. 52). Gladstar (2012) says antibacterial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory (p. 199). Kennedy (2007) says antidepressant and antiviral (p. 216).
Indications: Petersen (2018) says anxiety, depression, duodenal ulcers, dyspepsia, fibrositis, first-degree burns, gastric ulcers, herpes, infections, myalgia, nervous unrest, neuralgia, sciatica, skin inflammation, wounds (p. 205). Chevallier (2016) says depression, viral infections such as flu, herpes, and hepatitis B and C, restorative, neuroprotective, nervous exhaustion, decreased mood, seasonal affective disorder, chronic anxiety, insomnia, knife/stab wounds, promotes healing following surgery and burns, neuralgia, shingles, sciatica, and toothaches (p. 106). Hoffman (2003) says sedative, pain-relief, neuralgia, anxiety, tension, menopausal irritability/anxiety, depression (may be overblown), fibrositis, sciatica, rheumatic pain, used as a lotion for wound healing, bruises, varicose veins, mild burns; infused oil for sunburns; twitching, nerve injuries in joints, extremities, teeth/gums, promotes elimination of catabolic waste, sacral spine pain, coccyx, traumatic shock, hemorrhoids (with pain/bleeding), fascial neuralgia, neurasthenia, and chorea (p. 559). Clark (2011) says (topically) bruises, mild burns, sores, skin problems such as rashes, dry/irritated skin, achy back/neck, nerve pain, sciatica, sunburn, varicose veins, eczema, psoriasis, teething rash, surgical scars, insect bites and stings, the tea quiets/relaxes the mind, anxiety, bed-wetting, depression, nervous disposition, and traumatic shock (p. 52-3). She adds ear pain on page 84. She also adds hand foot and mouth disease on page 91. She adds sprains on page 94. Gladstar (2012) says burns, bruises, cuts, skin injuries, ear infections, Bell’s palsy, multiple sclerosis, nervous system diseases, sciatica, mild depression, anxiety, stress, tension, nerve damage, and seasonal affective disorder (SAD) (p. 198, 200). Kennedy (2007) says arthritis, fibromyalgia, depression, muscle aches, and sciatica (p. 216).
Formulary:
Petersen (2018, p. 204)
Anxiety, depression, menopausal nervousness, Nervous unrest, ulcers: Use dried herb (in capsules), fluid extract or tincture.
Blunt wound, bruises, first degree burn, fibrositis, injuries, myalgia, sciatica: infused oil.
Hypercal or Hypericum and calendula lotion (p. 208): 2 oz calendula tincture and 2 oz St. John’s wort tincture. Mix and store in dark glass jar. Add 1t to ½ c boiled and cooled water and use on affected area.
Healing ointment (p. 208-9): 2 oz comfrey root, 1 oz St. John’s Wort flowers, 1 oz plantain leaf, 1 oz calendula flowers, 1 oz mullein flowers, Cold-pressed olive oil, 1-2 oz beeswax. Grind herbs finely. Place in preserving jar and cover with olive oil. Place in warm place for 10-14 days. Shake twice daily. Strain. Place in a double boiler. For every cup of oil, add 1-2 oz beeswax. Consistency is up to you. You can test consistency by placing some in a spoon and putting it in the fridge for 5 minutes. Add more wax to make it harder, add more oil to make it softer.
Chevallier (2016)
Anxiety, Depression, tension (p. 308)
Back Pain (p. 313)
Bites and Stings (p. 303)
Cold sores, chicken pox, shingles (p. 304)
Depression and decreased vitality due to menopause (p. 316)
Neuralgia (p. 308)
Stiff and aching joints (p. 313)
Tired and aching muscles (p. 312)
Heinerman (1996)
Cancer (p. 421)
Cerebrospinal Problems (p. 422)
Clark (2011)
Tea (p. 65) for bedwetting, anxiety, stress (Can use 5-10 drops of tincture instead)
Depression (p. 100) 20 drops of tincture, 2-3/day
St. John’s Wort Salve (p. 164): burns, fungal infections (Not for children under 6 months of age)
Soothing Salve (p. 175): Not for children under 1 year of age
Gladstar (2012)
Heartease Tea (p. 146)
St. John’s wort oil (p. 200): burns, bruises, cuts, skin injuries, ear infections, Bell’s palsy, multiple sclerosis, nervous system diseases
St. John’s Wort Salve (p. 201): rashes, burns, cuts, wounds
St. John’s Wort Liniment (p. 201): achy muscles, joints, or bones, including spasms
St. John’s Wort Lighten-up Tea (p. 202)
St. John’s Wort Tincture for SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) (p. 202)
Kennedy (2007)
Chickweed-Goldenseal Ointment with St. John’s Wort (p. 107): itchy, inflamed hemorrhoids
St. John’s Wort Tea (p. 128): anxiety, minor depression, insomnia
Dosage:
Petersen (2018, p. 204): All are 3/day
Infusion: 2-4g
Fluid extract: 1:1 25%, 2-4 ml
Tincture: 1:10 45%, 2-4ml
Infused oil: 5-10ml
Essential oil: 3-5 drops
Chevallier (2016, p. 106)
Infused oil: Steep herb in oil for 6 weeks. Dab on wounds/burns
Cream: for cramps or neuralgia, rub on affected parts
Tincture: take ½ t in water 3/day for depression
Hoffman (2003, p. 559)
1:5 40% Tincture: 2-4 ml 3/day
Infusion: 1-2 t to 1c boiling water. Steep 10-15 minutes 3/day
Extract: 300 mg 3/day (3-5% hyperforin)
BHP
Dried Herb: 2-4 g 3/day
1:10 45% Tincture: 2-4 ml
1:1 25% Extract: 2-4ml
Commission E
Herb: 2-4g
Other forms: .2-1 mg of hypericin
Safety/Contraindications: Petersen (2018) says not to use this with tricyclics, SSRIs, or medications that are metabolized by the cytochrome P450 metabolic pathway. However, the Herb Research Foundation says the P450 information is incorrect. Potential side effects include: emotional vulnerability, fatigue, pruritus, weight increase and photosensitivity. When taking this herb, avoid foods that have tyramine, alcohol, tyrosine, narcotics, amphetamines, and manufactured cold/flu medicine. Uterotonic activity has been observed with this herb but is very slight. Use in limited doses during pregnancy and lactation. Chevallier (2016) says this interacts with certain medications, reducing the length they stay in the blood stream, thereby reducing their effectiveness (p. 106). Hoffman (2003) says using 1mg or less has had no effects reported. High doses may cause photosensitization. Increases serotonin when using other SSRIs so use caution or do not use at all in combination with these drugs. Affects the cytochrome P450 system – reduces effectiveness of nonesdating antihistamines, oral contraceptives, some antiretroviral drugs, antiepileptic drugs, calcium channel blockers (heart medication), cyclosporine, select chemotherapeutic drugs, macrolide antibiotics, and some antifungals (p. 559). Clark (2011) says photosensitivity is a potential side effect and not to use this with antidepressants or severe depression or MAO inhibitors (p. 53). Gladstar (2012) says it can cause photosensitivity. Use for depression with consult of a professional. It takes weeks for this herb to be effective for depression and there may be negative effects using it with drugs. Use while pregnant only under the care of a professional (p. 199).
Lab, Notes And Media:
On 25 April, 2019, I started 29g of herb at the lowest alcohol percentage of t he available recipes, 40%. My menstruum was 145 with no dilution. I strained my tincture on 9 May. It all fit in a 2oz dropper bottle.
Research:
References
Chevallier, A. (2016). Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine: 550 Herbs and Remedies for common Ailments. New York, NY: DK, a Division of Penguin Random House, LLC. p. 106.
Clark, D. (2011). Herbal Healing for Children: A Parent's Guide to Treatments for Common Childhood Illnesses. Healthy Living Publications. p. 52-3, 65, 17, 118, 164, 175, 68, 136, 158, 67, 164, 175, 68, 136, 53, 100, 65, 84, 86, 91, 67, 164, 91, 100, 94
Gladstar, R. (2012). Medicinal Herbs: A Beginner’s Guide. North Adams, MA: Storey Publishing. p. 146, 197-202
Heinerman, J. (1996). Healing Herbs and Spices, Heinerman’s Encyclopedia of. Reward Books. p. 421.
Hoffman, D. (2003). Medical Herbalism: The Science and Practice of Herbal Medicine. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press. p. 559.
Kennedy, A. (2007). Herbal Medicine: Natural Remedies, 150 Herbal Remedies to Common Ailments. Berkeley, CA: Althea Press. p. 216, 107, 157, 128
Peterson, D. (2018). Herb 503: Advanced Herbal Materica Medica II. American College of Healthcare Sciences. P. 202-209.
References
Chevallier, A. (2016). Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine: 550 Herbs and Remedies for common Ailments. New York, NY: DK, a Division of Penguin Random House, LLC. p. 106.
Clark, D. (2011). Herbal Healing for Children: A Parent's Guide to Treatments for Common Childhood Illnesses. Healthy Living Publications. p. 52-3, 65, 17, 118, 164, 175, 68, 136, 158, 67, 164, 175, 68, 136, 53, 100, 65, 84, 86, 91, 67, 164, 91, 100, 94
Gladstar, R. (2012). Medicinal Herbs: A Beginner’s Guide. North Adams, MA: Storey Publishing. p. 146, 197-202
Heinerman, J. (1996). Healing Herbs and Spices, Heinerman’s Encyclopedia of. Reward Books. p. 421.
Hoffman, D. (2003). Medical Herbalism: The Science and Practice of Herbal Medicine. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press. p. 559.
Kennedy, A. (2007). Herbal Medicine: Natural Remedies, 150 Herbal Remedies to Common Ailments. Berkeley, CA: Althea Press. p. 216, 107, 157, 128
Peterson, D. (2018). Herb 503: Advanced Herbal Materica Medica II. American College of Healthcare Sciences. P. 202-209.
Appendix I: Constituents
Alpha-pinene (Volatile Oil): Hoffman says this is used in the manufacture of camphor, insecticides, perfume bases, and synthetic pine oil and that is can cause skin eruptions, delirium, ataxia, and kidney damage (Hoffman, 2003, p. 64).
Anthraquinone Derivatives:
Beta-pinene:
Bioflavonoids (Flavonoids): This is another name for flavanones or Vitamin P (permeability factor). All are antioxidant. This is also found in nature along with Vitamin C and is the lack of it is the real cause for scurvy as opposed to lack of vitamin C per studies as far back as 1938. (Ganora, 2009, p. 67, 119, 136).
Caffeic acid esters/derivatives (Phenolic Acids): The derivatives have more specific properties than caffeic acid but without the derivative being named specifically, it's hard to know which one is being referenced (G-anora, 2009, p. 108).
Carotenoids are lipid-soluble (fat-soluble) pigments which are found in every plant. In animals, this becomes Vitamin A. As Vitamin A, these are radical scavengers (Hoffman, 2003, p. 85, 168).
Caryophyllene (Volatile Oil):
Catechins (Tannin, Flavonols (flavan-3-ols), Flavonoids, Phenolic Compounds) is very common, especially in woody plants. Flavonols are strong antioxidants, mild astringents, and anticarcinogenic. They are soluble in hot water and are antioxidant, antiangiogenic, pro-apoptotic (against cancer specifically), antiatherosclerotic (prevents the build-up of bad cholesterol), antihypertensive, cardioprotective, antimicrobial, and may prevent metabolic syndrome (Hoffman, 2003, p. 108; Ganora, 2009, p. 66, 118, 123, 156).
Chlorogenic acid (Phenolic Acids) is found in coffee and is responsible for its anti-diabetic activity. It "slows intestinal absorption of glucose", "decreases the liver's output of glucose" and strengthens the pancreas in the way the beta cells work. (Ganora, 2009, p. 65, 108). What all this means is you can drink coffee WITHOUT the added sweeteners and it can even be decaf and it will help with your diabetes. This actually makes sense to me (and Ganora mentions studies where this is proven) because coffee is a bitter.
Flavanones are either bitter or sweet (Hoffman, 2003, p. 107).
Flavonols (Flavonoid): Hoffman says the difference between flavonols and flavones is flavones lack a “3-hydroxyl substitution”. Ganora says these are antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic. She also says these are yellow-pigmented. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 101; Ganora, 2009, p. 64, 120, 121).
Flavonoids: All polyphenolic plant pigments of a specific structure. There are over 4,000 of them. These are broken down into categories: Catechins, dihydrochalones, chalones, flavanones (dihydroflavones), flavones, isoflavones, anthocyanides, aurones, flavanols, and flavonols. This general property is immunomodulatory due to antioxidant/free-radical scavenging ability (Hoffman, 2006, p. 100-102, 152, 167, 170, 174).
Glycosides (Bitter, Flavonoids): are compounds that contain a sugar unit attached to a non-carbohydrate molecule (aglycone). The sugar makes them easier to absorb, making to aglycone more bioavailable than others. They are categorized by the sugar, aglycone, or the link between the 2. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 41, 48, 199).
Hydrocarbons (Volatile Oil): are made of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. These groups can be identified as they end in -ane. Or -yl like ethane and ethyl. The more molecules the groups have, the less water-soluble they are (Ganora, 2009, p. 17, 20, 34, 85, 94).
Hyperforin (Phloroglucinol Derivative) inhibits the reuptake of neurotramsitters. It is thought to be pivotal in St. John’s Wort’s antidepressant properties. It is soluble in high-strength EtOH solutions (alcohol) and low-polarity solvents. It also has inducing detoxifying enzymes and antiviral synergists (Petersen, 2018, p. 204; Hoffman, 2003, p. 99; Ganora, 2009, p. 45, 55, 56, 60, 67, 115, 127).
Hypericin (Anthraquinone Derivative, Naphthodianthone) is antiviral against retroviruses but is also photosensitizing. It may be antidepressant. Ganora agrees with Hoffman and adds it is oil-soluble. It is UV-activated. Recent studies state this works (once UV-activated) on “enveloped viruses” such as HIV, Hep B/C, Epstein-Barr, Flu, and other. It is also anti-tumor and is being researched for potential to treat cancer (Hoffman, 2003, p. 99; Ganora, 2009, p. 45, 55, 60, 67, 115, 126).
Hyperoside (Quercetin Glycosides, Flavonoids) is a cardioprotective antioxidant and is anti-inflammatory (Ganora, 2009, p. 120).
Methyl-2-octane (in Volatile Oil):
Monosesquiterpenes (in Volatile Oil):
Naphthodianthones: are also called bianthraquinones which is a class of polyphenols. These can be phototoxic in some people but are antiviral and antidepressant synergists. These can also be antifungal, antispasmodic, and antimicrobial (Ganora, 2009, p. 55, 67, 126).
N-decanal (in Volatile Oil):
N-nonane (in Volatile Oil):
N-octanal (in Volatile Oil):
Nicotinamide (in Volatile Oil):
Pectin (heteropolysaccharide) is a "linear polysaccharide" which contains primarily D-galacturonic acid. They are in apples and citrus fruits primarily and become gelatinous. Pectin has been used in the treatment of diarrhea with other things as well as cholesterol, and as an antithombotic. It may help with colorectal cancer (Hoffman, 2003, p. 47). Pectin is used to make jelly.
Phenols:
Phlorogucinol (Phenolic Compound), also called phenolic ketones, says examples of this are hyperforin and THC and are soluble in low-polarity solvents and solutions with a high percentage of EtOH. On page 67, she lists some derivatives and what their actions are. Since they are all different, I won't list them here but having the reference here is a good thing for finding this data when I need it later (Ganora, 2009, p. 45, 55, 67, 127).
Polycyclic Diones:
Proanthocyanidins are condensed tannins. If acids or enzymes are present, they are not water-soluble. These are antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective (Hoffman, 2003, p. 13, 114, Ganora, 2009, p. 66).
Procyanidin (Proanthocyanidins, Condensed Tannins):
Pseudohypericin (Anthraquinone Derivatives): anti-depressive and antiviral properties. It is also anti-viral in that it is effective against retroviruses. Ganora adds this contributes to red pigment. This is also potentially phototoxic (Petersen, 2018, p. 204; Hoffman, 2003, p. 98; Ganora, 2009, p. 55, 67, 126).
Rutin (Flavonoid, also called quercetin-3-rutinoside) is an anti-inflammatory and loves to scavenge free-radicals. It helps strengthen blood vessels - specifically capillaries and veins. It is also antiviral and antibacterial (Hoffman, 2003, p. 105).
Sesquiterpenes (in volatile oil): Constituents are often classified based on structure and this particular one makes that hard... There are over 200 structure types. The 3 main structures are acyclic, monocytclic, and bicyclic. Some of these act as pheromones for communication between plants. Some provide a defensive role (Hoffman, 2003, p. 67).
Tannins (Polyphenolic Acid) can damper some of the harsher effects of some constituents but excessive use of them can cause certain cancers. In lab studies, they can inhibit fungi, yeast, bacteria and viruses. They do inhibit some other cancers and are antioxidants. There are different kinds of tannins so the risks vary. They are present in plants to protect them in various ways, depending on location (Hoffman, 2003, p. 114-117, 201).
Volatile oil: Volatile just means they evaporate more quickly than other substances. If it says "volatile", you want to use the plant as fresh as possible and try not to warm it up in any way (Ganora, 2009, p. 52, 57, 61, 134, 139). Chevallier (2016) says volatile oils are what is extracted from the plant to make essential oils and are made of a lot of compounds, sometimes as much as 100 (p. 14).
Xanthones vary in properties. The vary between inhibiting MAO activity, demonstrating cytotoxic activity, being anti-tumor, antimicrobial, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, and tuberculostatic properties. Ganora adds these are soluble in oil and high-percentage EtOH solutions. She also states these are antioxidants that are also bright-yellow pigments. She also adds they help bring out the antidepressant activity of hypericin and hyperforin (Hoffman, 2003. p. 99; Ganora, 2009, p. 45, 66, 115).
Alpha-pinene (Volatile Oil): Hoffman says this is used in the manufacture of camphor, insecticides, perfume bases, and synthetic pine oil and that is can cause skin eruptions, delirium, ataxia, and kidney damage (Hoffman, 2003, p. 64).
Anthraquinone Derivatives:
Beta-pinene:
Bioflavonoids (Flavonoids): This is another name for flavanones or Vitamin P (permeability factor). All are antioxidant. This is also found in nature along with Vitamin C and is the lack of it is the real cause for scurvy as opposed to lack of vitamin C per studies as far back as 1938. (Ganora, 2009, p. 67, 119, 136).
Caffeic acid esters/derivatives (Phenolic Acids): The derivatives have more specific properties than caffeic acid but without the derivative being named specifically, it's hard to know which one is being referenced (G-anora, 2009, p. 108).
Carotenoids are lipid-soluble (fat-soluble) pigments which are found in every plant. In animals, this becomes Vitamin A. As Vitamin A, these are radical scavengers (Hoffman, 2003, p. 85, 168).
Caryophyllene (Volatile Oil):
Catechins (Tannin, Flavonols (flavan-3-ols), Flavonoids, Phenolic Compounds) is very common, especially in woody plants. Flavonols are strong antioxidants, mild astringents, and anticarcinogenic. They are soluble in hot water and are antioxidant, antiangiogenic, pro-apoptotic (against cancer specifically), antiatherosclerotic (prevents the build-up of bad cholesterol), antihypertensive, cardioprotective, antimicrobial, and may prevent metabolic syndrome (Hoffman, 2003, p. 108; Ganora, 2009, p. 66, 118, 123, 156).
Chlorogenic acid (Phenolic Acids) is found in coffee and is responsible for its anti-diabetic activity. It "slows intestinal absorption of glucose", "decreases the liver's output of glucose" and strengthens the pancreas in the way the beta cells work. (Ganora, 2009, p. 65, 108). What all this means is you can drink coffee WITHOUT the added sweeteners and it can even be decaf and it will help with your diabetes. This actually makes sense to me (and Ganora mentions studies where this is proven) because coffee is a bitter.
Flavanones are either bitter or sweet (Hoffman, 2003, p. 107).
Flavonols (Flavonoid): Hoffman says the difference between flavonols and flavones is flavones lack a “3-hydroxyl substitution”. Ganora says these are antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic. She also says these are yellow-pigmented. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 101; Ganora, 2009, p. 64, 120, 121).
Flavonoids: All polyphenolic plant pigments of a specific structure. There are over 4,000 of them. These are broken down into categories: Catechins, dihydrochalones, chalones, flavanones (dihydroflavones), flavones, isoflavones, anthocyanides, aurones, flavanols, and flavonols. This general property is immunomodulatory due to antioxidant/free-radical scavenging ability (Hoffman, 2006, p. 100-102, 152, 167, 170, 174).
Glycosides (Bitter, Flavonoids): are compounds that contain a sugar unit attached to a non-carbohydrate molecule (aglycone). The sugar makes them easier to absorb, making to aglycone more bioavailable than others. They are categorized by the sugar, aglycone, or the link between the 2. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 41, 48, 199).
Hydrocarbons (Volatile Oil): are made of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. These groups can be identified as they end in -ane. Or -yl like ethane and ethyl. The more molecules the groups have, the less water-soluble they are (Ganora, 2009, p. 17, 20, 34, 85, 94).
Hyperforin (Phloroglucinol Derivative) inhibits the reuptake of neurotramsitters. It is thought to be pivotal in St. John’s Wort’s antidepressant properties. It is soluble in high-strength EtOH solutions (alcohol) and low-polarity solvents. It also has inducing detoxifying enzymes and antiviral synergists (Petersen, 2018, p. 204; Hoffman, 2003, p. 99; Ganora, 2009, p. 45, 55, 56, 60, 67, 115, 127).
Hypericin (Anthraquinone Derivative, Naphthodianthone) is antiviral against retroviruses but is also photosensitizing. It may be antidepressant. Ganora agrees with Hoffman and adds it is oil-soluble. It is UV-activated. Recent studies state this works (once UV-activated) on “enveloped viruses” such as HIV, Hep B/C, Epstein-Barr, Flu, and other. It is also anti-tumor and is being researched for potential to treat cancer (Hoffman, 2003, p. 99; Ganora, 2009, p. 45, 55, 60, 67, 115, 126).
Hyperoside (Quercetin Glycosides, Flavonoids) is a cardioprotective antioxidant and is anti-inflammatory (Ganora, 2009, p. 120).
Methyl-2-octane (in Volatile Oil):
Monosesquiterpenes (in Volatile Oil):
Naphthodianthones: are also called bianthraquinones which is a class of polyphenols. These can be phototoxic in some people but are antiviral and antidepressant synergists. These can also be antifungal, antispasmodic, and antimicrobial (Ganora, 2009, p. 55, 67, 126).
N-decanal (in Volatile Oil):
N-nonane (in Volatile Oil):
N-octanal (in Volatile Oil):
Nicotinamide (in Volatile Oil):
Pectin (heteropolysaccharide) is a "linear polysaccharide" which contains primarily D-galacturonic acid. They are in apples and citrus fruits primarily and become gelatinous. Pectin has been used in the treatment of diarrhea with other things as well as cholesterol, and as an antithombotic. It may help with colorectal cancer (Hoffman, 2003, p. 47). Pectin is used to make jelly.
Phenols:
Phlorogucinol (Phenolic Compound), also called phenolic ketones, says examples of this are hyperforin and THC and are soluble in low-polarity solvents and solutions with a high percentage of EtOH. On page 67, she lists some derivatives and what their actions are. Since they are all different, I won't list them here but having the reference here is a good thing for finding this data when I need it later (Ganora, 2009, p. 45, 55, 67, 127).
Polycyclic Diones:
Proanthocyanidins are condensed tannins. If acids or enzymes are present, they are not water-soluble. These are antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective (Hoffman, 2003, p. 13, 114, Ganora, 2009, p. 66).
Procyanidin (Proanthocyanidins, Condensed Tannins):
Pseudohypericin (Anthraquinone Derivatives): anti-depressive and antiviral properties. It is also anti-viral in that it is effective against retroviruses. Ganora adds this contributes to red pigment. This is also potentially phototoxic (Petersen, 2018, p. 204; Hoffman, 2003, p. 98; Ganora, 2009, p. 55, 67, 126).
Rutin (Flavonoid, also called quercetin-3-rutinoside) is an anti-inflammatory and loves to scavenge free-radicals. It helps strengthen blood vessels - specifically capillaries and veins. It is also antiviral and antibacterial (Hoffman, 2003, p. 105).
Sesquiterpenes (in volatile oil): Constituents are often classified based on structure and this particular one makes that hard... There are over 200 structure types. The 3 main structures are acyclic, monocytclic, and bicyclic. Some of these act as pheromones for communication between plants. Some provide a defensive role (Hoffman, 2003, p. 67).
Tannins (Polyphenolic Acid) can damper some of the harsher effects of some constituents but excessive use of them can cause certain cancers. In lab studies, they can inhibit fungi, yeast, bacteria and viruses. They do inhibit some other cancers and are antioxidants. There are different kinds of tannins so the risks vary. They are present in plants to protect them in various ways, depending on location (Hoffman, 2003, p. 114-117, 201).
Volatile oil: Volatile just means they evaporate more quickly than other substances. If it says "volatile", you want to use the plant as fresh as possible and try not to warm it up in any way (Ganora, 2009, p. 52, 57, 61, 134, 139). Chevallier (2016) says volatile oils are what is extracted from the plant to make essential oils and are made of a lot of compounds, sometimes as much as 100 (p. 14).
Xanthones vary in properties. The vary between inhibiting MAO activity, demonstrating cytotoxic activity, being anti-tumor, antimicrobial, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, and tuberculostatic properties. Ganora adds these are soluble in oil and high-percentage EtOH solutions. She also states these are antioxidants that are also bright-yellow pigments. She also adds they help bring out the antidepressant activity of hypericin and hyperforin (Hoffman, 2003. p. 99; Ganora, 2009, p. 45, 66, 115).
Appendix II: Therapeutic Actions
Anti-bacterial means it kills bacteria, generally associated with infections.
Antidepressant just means it helps people deal with their depression.
Anti-inflammatory is much more than "brings down inflammation". There are many things that cause inflammation: infection, auto-immune stimuli, or mechanical injury. As a result, you can't just use ANY anti-inflammatory. Understanding the nature of the inflammation is vital for proper treatment. It's important to remember inflammation is a SYMPTOM and anti-inflammatories should be taken with other things to address the root problem. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 158-9, 243, 247, 487-90)
Anti-microbial encompasses all microbes, not just viral or bacterial.
Anti-viral means it works against viruses, often the flu.
Anxiolytic is another way of saying anti-anxiety.
Astringent: These are great for swollen tonsils and hemorrhoids but they also dry up the mucous discharge. These treat the symptom, not the cause of the symptom. (Griffin, 1997, p. 8)
Nervines: These calm and nourish the nervous system, promote mental clarity, and relieve spasms, pain and congestion. There are 2 types: warming helps with chronic issues, insomnia being a good example. Cooling helps with anger, hypertension, and migraines (Griffin, 1997, p. 10).
Sedative is also self-explanatory. It helps you relax, perhaps even sleep. These are great when you are stressed. Some can be abused so it's better to find an activity that enhances this feeling but the herbs are available if needed.
Vulneraries promote cell growth/repair (griffin, 1997, p. 11).
Wound Healer is most often seen as an indication rather than an action but it's exactly as it sounds. Its purpose is to help wounds heal faster. These are generally used externally in this fashion on lesions on the skin.
Anti-bacterial means it kills bacteria, generally associated with infections.
Antidepressant just means it helps people deal with their depression.
Anti-inflammatory is much more than "brings down inflammation". There are many things that cause inflammation: infection, auto-immune stimuli, or mechanical injury. As a result, you can't just use ANY anti-inflammatory. Understanding the nature of the inflammation is vital for proper treatment. It's important to remember inflammation is a SYMPTOM and anti-inflammatories should be taken with other things to address the root problem. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 158-9, 243, 247, 487-90)
Anti-microbial encompasses all microbes, not just viral or bacterial.
Anti-viral means it works against viruses, often the flu.
Anxiolytic is another way of saying anti-anxiety.
Astringent: These are great for swollen tonsils and hemorrhoids but they also dry up the mucous discharge. These treat the symptom, not the cause of the symptom. (Griffin, 1997, p. 8)
Nervines: These calm and nourish the nervous system, promote mental clarity, and relieve spasms, pain and congestion. There are 2 types: warming helps with chronic issues, insomnia being a good example. Cooling helps with anger, hypertension, and migraines (Griffin, 1997, p. 10).
Sedative is also self-explanatory. It helps you relax, perhaps even sleep. These are great when you are stressed. Some can be abused so it's better to find an activity that enhances this feeling but the herbs are available if needed.
Vulneraries promote cell growth/repair (griffin, 1997, p. 11).
Wound Healer is most often seen as an indication rather than an action but it's exactly as it sounds. Its purpose is to help wounds heal faster. These are generally used externally in this fashion on lesions on the skin.
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