The image above is from the class lesson.

I got a question on another common name of a mushroom on one of my social media platforms, asking if it was the same mushroom.  The answer was that it was not the exact same one, in fact id does LOOK like a reishi and has similar healing properties.

I bring this up because we often confuse plants with others thinking we are getting the same healing properties then throw our hands up in frustration when the plant we are using isn't working "as indicated".  In his entry for the mushroom I was asked about, he talked about DNA testing. This is something important to talk about.

Fungi, like plants, are now undergoing DNA testing so they can be properly identified and classified. This is why the ginkgo tree is the only one in its category.  Genetically, it has no living relatives. It's also why there are so many plants in the Lamiaceae family that seemingly don't belong there.  It's called the "mint family" but rosemary is part of that family, clearly NOT a mint but it is related, especially when you look at the chemical make-up of the plant.  This is also why botany is an important class for an herbalist to take.  Understanding related plants help an herbalist use related plants in cases where a plant cannot be used due to some form of contraindication.  Love and Light!

On to the constituents of reishi

Adenosine Amino Acid):

Ascorbic Acid (Organic Acid), also called Vitamin C, is essential for health in both plants and humans and is found in all plants to some degree.  Hoffman calls it a “reducing agent” and says it chelates metals.  It also protects other antioxidants such as Vitamins A and E as well as fatty acids.  Flavonoids and vitamin C are co-dependent for absorption. Ganora adds this is soluble in water but better in neutral or basic solutions. Ganora mentions some studies have suggested the isolated form of vitamin C could cause oxidation instead of reduce it.  It is best to use this in the more natural forms where the synergistic effects are greatest (Hoffman, 2003, p. 167; Ganora, 2009, p. 44, 51, 63, 81).

Behenic Acid:

Beta-D-Glucan (Immunemodulating Polysaccharide): This is hot water-soluble.  Ganora adds these are mostly found in the medicinal mushrooms (reishi, shitake, maitake) but can occur in some grains such as oats as well as brewers yeast. It is know to prevent oncogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis. (Petersen, 2018, p. 57; Ganora, 2009, p. 78, 80).

Betaine: (Ganora, 2009, p. 101).

Erogone:

Ergosta-7,22-dien-3b-ol:

Ergosterol (Sterol):

Ergosterols (Sterol):

Ganoderic Acid (Bitter Triterpenoid, Lanostane-type Triterpenoids):

Ganoderenic Acid (Lanostane-type Triterpenoids):

Ganolucidic Acid (Lanostane-type Triterpenoids):

Hentriacontane:

Lactones, also called cyclic esters, is a cell structure.  This makes up the structure of coumarins (Ganora, 2009, p. 18, 29, 31, 58, 110, 116, 146).

Lanostane-Type Triterpenoids:

Ling Zhi-8 Protein:

Lucidenic Acid (Lanostane-type Triterpenoids):

Lucidone (Lanostane-type Triterpenoids):

Lucidumol A (Triterpenoinds):

Lysozymes:

Nonadecanoic Acid:

Protease:

Pyrophosphatidic Acid:

Riboflavin:

Stearic Acid (Lipid) is a straight-chain acid that is also called n-octadecanoic (Hoffman, 2003, p. 55; Ganora, 2009, p. 64, 86, 93).

Tetracosane:

Tretracosanoic Acid:

Triterpenoids:

Have a Great Day!

The image above is from the class lesson.

Breakfast is done and I'm going to resume going through this cookbook.  I'm learning so much about nutrition!  My to-do list hasn't gotten much shorter but I'm getting better adjusted to the new schedule of not having school and trying to write and continue my learning and spiritual expansion.  It really is a lot but it's getting easier to juggle. 

I'll do one more day of reishi then move on to the next herb.  I'll announce that one tomorrow. Love and Light!

On to the constituents of reishi.

Adenosine (Amino Acid):

Alkaloids are defined by Hoffman as "organic compounds with at least one nitrogen atom in the heterocyclic ring". This is the ONLY thing they all have in common. They are not usually soluble in water, nor are their salts. Most are also alkaline (Hoffman, 2003, p. 120-133, 152).

Amino Acid (Protein) can be very water soluble. The issue here is amino acids vary greatly on pH. Some are water soluble, some are alcohol soluble.  Temperature can also have an effect.  (Ganora, 2009, 12, 21, 44, 45, 65, 101, 103, 104, 107, 114, 133, 154).

Ascorbic Acid (Organic Acid),

Behenic Acid:

Beta-D-Glucan (Immunemodulating Polysaccharide):

Beta-sitosterol (Phytosterols), also seen as B-sitosterol, is in a lot of higher plants. It is essential in cell membranes. It seems to have antihyperlipoproteinemic activity. Ganora adds this constituent accounts for around 70% of phytosterols, which of course means sterols that are found in plants.  (Hoffman, 2003, p. 84, 143; Ganora, 2009, p. 145).

Betaine: (Ganora, 2009, p. 101).

Carbohydrates are very water-soluble. They evaporate from alcohol and most are oil-phobic (Ganora, 2009, p. 44, 49, 63, 73).

Choline:  While Ganora says it's on that page, I don't see it there. (Ganora, 2009, p. 93). I looked it up on Dr. Axe and he gives it an easy-to-understand run-down.  The liver can create some of this micronutrient it needs more from food. It is used by the liver, brain, nervous system, and the metabolism. This is a B Vitamin (Petersen, 2018, p. 155-6).

Erogone:

Ergosta-7,22-dien-3b-ol:

Ergosterol (Sterol):

Ergosterols (Sterol):

Ganoderic Acid (Bitter Triterpenoid, Lanostane-type Triterpenoids):

Ganoderenic Acid (Lanostane-type Triterpenoids):

Ganolucidic Acid (Lanostane-type Triterpenoids):

Hentriacontane:

Lactones

Lanostane-Type Triterpenoids:

Ling Zhi-8 Protein:

Lipids are primarily only soluble in alcohol (best used as a tincture rather than a tea). This group is so vast, it gets a whole chapter in Hoffman which means I don't think it can be broken down to only one action or so. They are part of all biological membranes, provide fuel and store energy, store vitamins and hormones, provide immunological coatings for cells, provide water-proof coatings, and carry vitamins such as A, D, E, and K in the blood. Yes, these are fat cells but this proves why some fat is needed (Hoffman, 2003, p. 54-61, 166).

Lucidenic Acid (Lanostane-type Triterpenoids):

Lucidone (Lanostane-type Triterpenoids):

Lucidumol A (Triterpenoinds):

Lysozymes:

Nonadecanoic Acid:

Palmitic Acid (Fixed Oil) is an unsaturated straight-chain acid with one unsaturated bond. Ganora adds this is a source of Omega-7. She lists this fat under saturated fats.  I didn't think this was possible, but she explains this constituent acts as both depending on the situation  (Hoffman, 2003, p. 56; Ganora, 2009, p. 64, 86, 87, 93, 94).

Polysaccharides (mucilage) activate the macrophages which initiates the body’s defenses against pathogens and cancer cells (Hoffman, 2003, p. 544).

Protease:

Pyrophosphatidic Acid:

Riboflavin:

Stearic Acid (Lipid)

Sterols (Aglycone Glycosides) are often used to imply phytosterols in these books. They need to be careful, though because sterols are found in animals while the same molecule can be called a phytosterol because it is found in a plant. calling it a sterol when it's in a plant can cause confusion (Ganora, 2009, p. 92, 93).

Tetracosane:

Tretracosanoic Acid:

Triterpenes are oil-soluble as well as high percentage alcohol soluble. These tend to make great essential oils and are used for steam therapies, like making a peppermint oil and using that to help with congestion through steam, as an example. Reading this section, this can get pretty complicated so I'll only add a bit more if requested. While most triterpenes are NOT water soluble, the glycoside triterpenoids are which is why it's important to know which is which (Ganora, 2009, p. 45, 46, 68, 134, 140, 141, 142, 144).

Triterpenoids:
 
Have a Great Day!

The image above is from the class lesson.

The day is racing away from me today.  I'm cooking lunch right now and my son is mad at me because it's taking too long.  My mother sent my son a birthday card with a bit of money to buy something for the kids so he has a new police car and the batmobile.  She wanted Frozen bedding.  Happy kids and I keep hearing a siren...  He is mad the wheels don't come off the police car, though.  My son is a redneck already!  Love and light!

On to the actions of reishi mushrooms that have not been previously discussed.

Anticonvulsive means it works against shaking such as seizures and Parkinson’s Disease.

Anti-obesity is another way of saying it helps the body burn fat and increase the metabolism.

Cardiac Tonics help clean the heart and make it function better.

Hypercholesterolemic means it helps the body reduce bad cholesterol and return to normal/healthy levels.

Hyperglycemic means it raises blood sugar. 

Hypolipemic means it reduces the amount of lipids in the body which are fat cells.

Immune Amphoteric: enhances cells that make up white blood cells.

Nourishing is the same as nutritive which means it provides vitamins and/or minerals.

Tonics (tonifying) are called "nutritive" and clean the blood in a way that helps the body harmonize (Griffin, 1997, p. 11). They help the lymphatic system work better as well.  I think they are considered nutritive because when you have a bunch of crud trolling your system, it's difficult to absorb the nutrients your body requires.  If you clean up your system a bit, the body can better absorb those things it requires.

Warming is a property in Chinese medicine and is used when the ailment is considered cold.  A good way to think of this is when a person has the chills related to a cold, this property would be used.

Have a great day!

The image above is from the class class lesson.  They come in different colors, the red variety being from Japan.

My daughter only ate her eggs this morning because they had cheese on them...  I think my son was a big help there...  His plate was empty then hers was, pretty quick actually. 

I was quite pleased with the mushroom book I used for this research.  I also discovered it has lichten in it!  I'm almost done with the appendices.  There are a few actions to discuss tomorrow and I imagine the same will go for the constituents as well.  I'll have the herbarium posted at some point today. Love and Light!

On to reishi mushrooms!

Constituents: Polysaccharides (beta-D-glucan – water-soluble), triterpenoids (lucidumol A, ganoderic acid), adenosine, germanium, sterols (ergosterol), riboflavin, ascorbic acid, amino acids (Petersen, 2018, p. 57).Rogers (2011) breaks these down as below:
            Fruiting body: carbohydrates, amino acids (adenosine), steroids (ergosterola), protease, lysozymes, lipids, triterpenes, alkaloids, Vitamin B2 and C, beta-glucans and minerals such as zinc, manganese, iron, copper, and germanium (p. 175).
            Mycelium; sterols, alkaloids, lactones, erogone, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, lanostane-type triterpenoids (ganoderic acid, ganoderenic acid, ganolucidic acid, lucidenic acid, lucidone)
            Spores: choline, betaine, palmitic acid, stearic acid, ergosta-7,22-dien-3b-ol, tretracosanoic acid, behenic acid, nonadecanoic acid, ergosterol, beta sitosterol, pyrophosphatidic acid, hentriacontane, and tetracosane (p. 175).
Winston (2007) says immunostimulaing polysaccharides (beta-glucans), bitter triterpenoids (ganoderic acid, ganoderenic acid) and ling zhi-8 protein (p. 232).

Therapeutic Actions: Adaptogen, analgesic, anti-allergic, anticancer, anticonvulsive, antihistamine, antimutagenic, anti-obesity, antioxidant, antitumor, antiviral, Astringent, cathartic (especially the juice), demulcent, emollient, hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive, hyperglycemic, hypolipemic, hypotensive, immunostimulant, laxative (can be purgative), sedative, vulnerary, and vermifuge (Petersen, 2018, p. 59). Rogers (2011) says astringent, adaptogen, warming, nourishing, detoxifying, and tonifying (p. 174). Rogers has pages of summaries that expand on more actions based on scientific studies. They go from page 175-184. Winston (2007) says this is a bitter and warming. He adds adaptogen, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, cardiac tonic, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, immune amphoteric (enhances cells that make up white blood cells), and nervine (p. 232).

Indications: Aging, attitude sickness, Alzheimer’s, asthma, blood pressure (reduction), bronchial disease, cancer (breast, colon, prostate), cardiovascular disease, chemotherapy, cholesterol, prevent fatigue, gastric ulcers, chronic hepatitis, herpes zoster pain, HIV, enhance immune system, inflammatory disease, insomnia, kidney tonic, liver disease, longevity, neuralgia (post-herpetic), neurasthenia, obesity, poisoning, tumors, reduce stress, uterine fibroids inflammation, viral infections – support and prevent, yeast infections (Petersen, 2018, p. 59).  Rogers (2011) says traditional uses include liver ailments (chronic hepatitis), lung conditions (asthma, bronchitis), nephritis of the kidneys, nerve pain, hypertension, gastric ulcers, and insomnia (p. 174). He continues that is has also been used to stimulate sexual prowess/endurance. It helps with endocrine and hormone levels (p. 175). Winston (2007) says it restores the heart (Chinese medicine), prolonged life, improved cognition, helps downregulate the immune system to help with autoimmune illnesses, cancer, asthma, allergic rhinitus, hepatitis B/C, autoimmune hepatitis, improves cholesterol, triglycerides, inhibits blood clotting, lowers blood pressure, angina, arrhythmia, prevents arteriosclerosis, improves adrenocortical function, relieves stress, and altitude sickness (p. 234-5).

Safety: Unknown on whether it’s safe for pregnancy or lactation to avoid. In rare cases, may cause dry mouth, throat, sinuses, itchiness, upset stomach, nosebleeds, bloody stools – extended use id 3-6 months. (Petersen, 2018, p. 62). If you experience diarrhea using this, Rogers (2011) says to add some vitamin C, ginger, or pineapple to your regimen.  Do not use before surgery, do not use during a heavy period, and use with caution if taking ACE inhibitors (p. 185). Winston (2007) says to avoid if you have an allergy to mushrooms or if using blood thinners (p. 235).

Have a Great Day!

The image above is from the class lesson.

This is the last day for this herb.  Reishi mushrooms will be tomorrow. 

Much to get done today.  I made some spiritual progress last night but I'm not ready to share it yet.  I will have a video soon but I have not looked into video editing software yet.  Love and Light!

On to the constituents of pau d'arco.

1,4 naphthoquinone

alpha-lapachone: is not very water-soluble (Mills and Bone, 2010, p. 529).

anthraquinones

beta-lapachol: is not very water-soluble (Mills and Bone, 2010, p. 529).

beta-lapachone: is not very water-soluble (Mills and Bone, 2010, p. 529).

dehydro-alpha-lapachone

deoxylapachol

Lapachol is not very water-soluble (Mills and Bone, 2010, p. 529).

Napthaquinones

Carnosol (Diterpene): Antioxidant and antimicrobial (Oliveira, Oliveira, Conceicao, and Leles, 2016).

Coumarin (Coumarins) is hepatoxic is rats and dogs but not humans.

Flavonoids: All polyphenolic plant pigments of a specific structure. There are over 4,000 of them. These are broken down into categories: Catechins, dihydrochalones, chalones, flavanones (dihydroflavones), flavones, isoflavones, anthocyanides, aurones, flavanols, and flavonols. This general property is immunomodulatory due to antioxidant/free-radical scavenging ability (Hoffman, 2006, p. 100-102, 152, 167, 170, 174).

Furanonaphthoquinones

Iridoids are monoterpenoid lactones that are often the basis for the bitter principle as they are the bitterest compounds meaning they stimulate the digestive system. Ganora calls these modified monoterpenoids (Hoffman, 2003, p. 66, 67; Ganora, 2009, p. 68, 134, 136).

naphthoquinone

naphthofurandiones

xyloidone

Have a Great Day!

The image above is from the class lesson.

There was only one action for pau d'arco that had not been previously discussed.  I think this one alone is reason to use this herb even though it has so many great qualities.  The complete list is also in the virtual herbarium as an appendix.  I'll be doing that with all the others once I find time.  It will make it quicker do do the books on these herbs once I'm ready to do the deep dives.

I made chocolate pancakes for my children this morning and they hated them.  My children are odd.  They got french toast instead.  Off to get my chores done.  Love and Light!

On to pau d'arco!

Immune-enhancing is the same as immunostimulant.

Constituents: Napthaquinones (lapachol), anthraquinones, coumarins, flavonoids, iridoids, carnosol (Chevallier, 2016, p. 139). Mills and bone (2010) say naphthoquinone (the 1,4 type, especially beta-lapachol, beta-lapachone, xyloidone (dehydro-alpha-lapachone), alpha-lapachone, and deoxylapachol), naphthofurandiones (furanonaphthoquinones), iridoids, and small quantities of anthraquinones. Lapachol is not very water-soluble (p. 529).

Have a Great Day!

The image above is from the class lesson.

I looked ahead on this herb and will only do one day of constituents.  The undefined ones are not in any of my books so they will get added to the list to research.

This is quite an amazing herb but all texts caution that often the product on the market is NOT of medicinal value.  The bark used must be the inner bark of a mature tree so make sure your sourcing is good.

I still have a lot of things to get done around here but I'm ahead on this herb so that makes me happy.  The children got french toast for breakfast this morning and are happily playing.  Which means, this mommy can get some chores done.  Love and Light!

On to pau d'arco!

Constituents: Napthaquinones (lapachol), anthraquinones, coumarins, flavonoids, iridoids, carnosol (Chevallier, 2016, p. 139). Mills and bone (2010) say naphthoquinone (the 1,4 type, especially beta-lapachol, beta-lapachone, xyloidone (dehydro-alpha-lapachone), alpha-lapachone, and deoxylapachol), naphthofurandiones (furanonaphthoquinones), iridoids, and small quantities of anthraquinones. Lapachol is not very water-soluble (p. 529).

Therapeutic Actions: Anti-bacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, immunostimulant, anti-inflammatory, tonic, antitumor (Chevallier, 2016, p. 139). Mills and Bone (2010) say immune-enhancing, antitumor, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, and depurative (p. 529).

Indications: Pain (from any source), osteomyelitis, ringworm, bronchitis, gastritis, colitis, prostatitis, lupus, Hodgkin’s Disease, parasitic penetration through the skin (Heinerman, 1996, p. 367-8).  Chevallier (2016) says it was used as a cure all (including wounds, fever, dysentery, intestinal inflammation, cancer and snake bites) by the Incas, Callaways, and many Native South American cultures.  It can be used as an antibiotic with issues of the nose, mouth, throat, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), fungal conditions such as ringworm, thrush and candidiasis. Also good for inflammation, especially the stomach and intestines including cystitis, cervix inflammation, and prostatitis. Herbalists are also using it to treat cancer but there is not much science on this topic yet. (p. 139). Mills and Bone (2010) mention impetigo, cancer, topically for scabies and mouth inflammation.  They break down other species here with the same name: T. serrotifolia for cancer and oral inflammation, T. chrysantha, T. neochrysantha, T. aurea, T. argentea all for chronic anaemia, ulcer, stomach ache, fevers, and malaria. T. rosea, T. pentaphylla for uterine cancer, malaise, headache, and pain (p. 529).

Safety: Mills and Bone (2010) say not to use this while pregnant as it is associated with fetal harm.  Use caution while lactating.  Do not use with anticoagulants.  It can cause contact dermatitis (p. 529).

Have a Great Day!

The image above is from the class lesson.

Ganora had nothing more to add to the list below so they go on the "research later" list.

The next herb on the list is pau d'arco.  I only have 3 sources that mention it but it's an interesting herb.  I don't know if I'm going to spend as much time on it.  The herb after that is reishi and I do have a mushroom book so I should have some really good information there.

Time to get things done for the day.  Love and Light!

On to the constituents of myrrh!

Acidic polysaccharides (gum):

Commiphoric Acid (Resin):

Furanosesquiterpenes (Volatile Oil):

Heerabolene (Sesquiterpene, in Volatile Oil): -

Myrrholic Acids (In volatile Oil):

Natural Sugars

Sulphates:

Have a Great Day!

The image above is from the class lesson.

Hoffman only had one of the constituents below so I'll check Ganora for the rest tomorrow.  I need to get to work knocking down some of this to-do list.  Live and Light!

On to the constituents of myrrh!

Acidic polysaccharides (gum):

Ash: All Hoffman says on ash is the amount of ash that remains after a dried herbal sample is burned is called the ash value. While this is listed by some as a constituent, it is more likely to be foreign contamination in sticky substances. In the case of myrrh, the ash may even be the provider of the sulfate that is also listed as a constituent.  I'd be interested to see if there is sulfate in samples that have no ash and if it's possible to find samples that don't have any ash (Hoffman, 2003, p. 21).

Commiphoric Acid (Resin):

Furanosesquiterpenes (Volatile Oil):

Heerabolene (Sesquiterpene, in Volatile Oil): -

Myrrholic Acids (In volatile Oil):

Natural Sugars

Sulphates:

Have a Great Day!

The picture above comes from the class lesson. 

My daughter refused to eat breakfast this morning but she ate some beans last night so win and lose.  I discovered the jelly had high fructose corn syrup in it so no wonder the children hate it!  After eating natural, it was just too sweet.  Makes sense.  I tossed it in the trash.  I do wonder if their taste buds can handle the strength of the flavor of my apple pie jam I made.  One way to find out!

I'm thinking I need to spend the rest of the day investigating recipes that are healthy that I might be able to get my children to eat.  Love and Light!

On to the constituents of myrrh!

Acidic polysaccharides (gum):

Ash:

Cholesterol (Sterols): is best known by people for being "bad" because it is high. This is actually vital for cell structure and is found in every cell in the body. It serves as a hormone precursor in the adrenal glands, testes, and ovaries. The liver uses it as a precursor to bile, used in digestion. Ganora adds that, like humans, these are in the plant's cells. Cholesterol effects the fluidity of the membrane of the cells.  This means too much and the cells cannot be nourished but too little and anything can enter, even if it isn't supposed to (Hoffman, 2003, p. 84, 170-1, 300-2; Ganora, 2003, p. 18, 46, 69, 79, 86, 87, 89, 90, 92, 125, 144, 145, 146, 167).

Commiphoric Acid (Resin):

Eugenol (Phenylpropahnoid, in volatile oil) gives cinnamon and cloves their strong flavor and is found in the volatile oil (meaning it is oil-soluble). It's in other plants as well but she specifically calls out cloves and Wild Basil Ocimum gratissium. This is anti-microbial, antiseptic, anesthetic (topical), antioxidant, antimitotic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, inhibits platelet aggregation, and in large amounts is caustic, convulsant, hepatoxic, a nervous system depressant, and induces hemostatic abnormalities. It is found as free eugenol or as eugenyl acetate (Ganora, 2009, p. 58, 65, 68, 109, 110, 139).

Furanosesquiterpenes (Volatile Oil):

Gum consists primarily of monosaccharides. Hoffman describes these as "sticky colloidal dispersions" when they swell in water. Ganora adds these are water-soluble heteropolysaccharides that are emollient, soothing, cooling, healing when used on the skin and mucus membranes.  On page 79, she takes about a third of the page to discuss gums and I'm obviously not going to write all that stuff here.  She does say these are commonly produced by plants when there is trauma, insect attack or an infection.  She contradicts Hoffman by saying they are primarily heteroploysaccharides rather than monosaccharides. She does say they often have the later as well but may also have uronic acids. The gel that gums form when they have a lot of water in them are called hydrocolloids.  She says these are considered dietary fiber and are classified that way medicinally.  One feature she mentions here is they bind bile acids (bile being used in digestion). She explains this can result in lower cholesterol, and decreased risk of colon cancer, coronary artery disease and diabetes (Hoffman, 2003, p. 50-1; Ganora, 2009, p. 44, 63, 73, 75, 79, 139).

Heerabolene (Sesquiterpene, in Volatile Oil): (Myrrh)

Myrrholic Acids (In volatile Oil):

Natural Sugars

Potassium (Bromine Compound) while not described in Ganora, is an essential mineral that most people notice a deficiency when they experience leg cramps. Consuming potassium-rich plants can improve health.  I think there is a limit to how much is good but I can't recall off the top of my head (Ganora, 2009, p. 82, 142). Resins are not water-soluble and need either alcohol or oil to extract the constituents.  The older the sample, the harder it is to extract.

Sesquiterpenes: Constituents are often classified based on structure and this particular one makes that hard...  There are over 200 structure types. The 3 main structures are acyclic, monocytclic, and bicyclic. Some of these act as pheromones for communication between plants. Some provide a defensive role (Hoffman, 2003, p. 67).

Sterols (Aglycone Glycosides) are often used to imply phytosterols in these books. They need to be careful, though because sterols are found in animals while the same molecule can be called a phytosterol because it is found in a plant. calling it a sterol when it's in a plant can cause confusion (Ganora, 2009, p. 92, 93).

Sulphates:

Volatile oil: Volatile just means they evaporate more quickly than other substances. If it says "volatile", you want to use the plant as fresh as possible and try not to warm it up in any way (Ganora, 2009, p. 52, 57, 61, 134, 139). Chevallier (2016) says volatile oils are what is extracted from the plant to make essential oils and are made of a lot of compounds, sometimes as much as 100 (p. 14).

Have a Great Day!