Constituents
1,8-cineole (Volatile Oil) has anthelmintic, expectorant, and antiseptic properties and repels cockroaches. Ganora adds antimicrobial and it is also called monoterpene cineole. It also has another name which I'll add when I find it. The spelling makes it a "twenty-dollar-word". She goes on to add it has anti-cancer properties and is great for upper respiratory issues (Hoffman, 2003, p. 66; Ganora, 2009, p. 68, 135). (Eucalyptus)
Absinthin (sesquiterpene lactone glycosides), also seen as absinthiin, is a bitter principle and the main one in wormwood (Hoffman, 2003, p. 70). (Blessed Thistle)
Acetylenic compounds: (Burdock)
Achillein: (Yarrow)
Achilleic acid: (Yarrow)
Actein (Triterpene glycosides):
Allantoin: promotes the formation of granulation tissue and callus. (Comfrey)
Alkaloids are defined by Hoffman as "organic compounds with at least one nitrogen atom in the heterocyclic ring". This is the ONLY thing they all have in common. They are not usually soluble in water, nor are their salts. Most are also alkaline (Hoffman, 2003, p. 120-133, 152). (Fenugreek, Passionflower, Yarrow)
Alkanes simply means it compounds that have hydrocarbon molecules with only single bonds. This suffix -ane, generally means it is one of these compounds (Ganora, 2009, p. 20, 93). (European Elder)
Alpha-lineic Acid (ALA) (Fixed oil) is anti-inflammatory. This is a PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid). The body converts about 5-10% of ALA consumed to EPA which is eicosapentaenoic acid and about 1% to DHA which is docosahexaenoic acid. Omega-6 can suppress this (Ganora, 2009, p. 64, 85, 87, 88). (Flaxseed)
Amino Acid (Protein) can be very water soluble. The issue here is amino acids vary greatly on pH. Some are water soluble, some are alcohol soluble. Temperature can also have an effect (Ganora, 2009, 12, 21, 44, 45, 65, 101, 103, 104, 107, 114, 133, 154). (Comfrey, Fenugreek, Licorice, Passionflower)
Anthocyanins are the red to blue dyes. They are produce the pinks, reds, violets, and blues and give the astringent flavor. Ganora adds these are water-soluble, protect the plant from UV rays, are antioxidant, carcinostatic, and anti-inflammatory and are induced by cooler weather. She also mentions the constituent encourages apoptosis in cancer cells and growth of new cells. They are also venotonic and improve night vision (Hoffman, 2003, p. 106; Ganora, 2009, p. 41, 45, 58, 66, 117, 120, 156, 168). (European Elder)
Anthraquinone Glycosides are laxatives that stimulate in the large intestines. Higher doses can cause nausea, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, dizziness, abdominal pain, and kidney damage so it is very important to not exceed the recommended dosage (Hoffman, 2003, p. 201). (Yellow Dock)
Apigenin (Flavonoid), occasionally on leaves and in ferns, has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, diuretic, and hypotensive properties (Hoffman, 2003, p. 106). (Passionflower)
Asparagine is an anti-inflammatory substance. (Comfrey, Marshmallow)
Aucubin (Glycosides):
Azulene: (Yarrow)
Benzaldehyde (Volatile Oil) is a higher-molecular-weight aldehyde which has a pleasant flowery scent and is found in essential oils (Hoffman, 2003, p. 65). (Licorice)
Beta-carotene (Carotene) is found in all green leaves of higher plants and mosses, algae and ferns. Hoffman calls this the most important Vitamin A precursor. It is used commercially as food coloring and as sunscreen to protect against erythropoietic protoporphyria (Hoffman, 2003, p. 85). (Carrots, Cayenne, Gorse, Oats, Rose Hips, Sweet potato)
Beta-sitosterol (Phytosterols), also seen as B-sitosterol, is in a lot of higher plants. It is essential in cell membranes. It seems to have antihyperlipoproteinemic activity. Ganora adds this constituent accounts for around 70% of phytosterols, which of course means sterols that are found in plants. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 84, 143; Ganora, 2009, p. 145). (Dandelion, Corn (Zea mays), Eleuthero, Wheat Germ)
Biochanin A (isoflavones): phytoestrogenic (Red Clover)
Borneol (Volatile oil) is used mainly to make esters, used in cosmetics. It can also be found in some perfumes and can be toxic to the nervous system of mammals (Hoffman, 2003, p. 64). (Lavender, Yarrow)
Bornyl acetate (esters): sedative
Bornyl formate (esters):
Bornyl isovalerianate (esters):
C-glycosides:
Caffeic Acid (Phenolic Acids): it has antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and cardioprotective properties (Ganora, 2009, p. 108). It adds synergy for antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects in herbs such as echinacea. (Comfrey, Echinacea, Eucalutpus, Marshmallow)
Californidine (Isoquinoline Alkaloids): Ganora lists this as a nervine and a relaxant (2009, p. 71). (California Poppy)
Californine (Alkaloid): (California poppy)
Camphor can irritate the skin. It is also a rubefacient. It cools the skin and has anesthetic and antipruritic actions. Hoffman says here this is used as a moth repellent and having worked with this, I can believe it! It's also used as a preservative in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 65, 86) (Cinnamon, Yarrow)
Capsaicin (Capsaicinoid, Phenylpropanoid Derivative) causes a cooling affect by first causing heat which desensitizes the hypothalamus gland which then cools the body. This is a very low-polar compound even though it contains a highly polar amide group. It is soluble in high-percentage alcohol and fixed oils. The anodyne function of this constituent works by interrupting the pain signals in the nerves. Overuse of this herb for this purpose has negative consequences (Heinerman, 1996, p. 127; Ganora, 2009, p. 21, 45, 114, 154, 155). (Cayenne)
Capsaicinoids (Phenylpropanoid) are only found in the plants of the Capsicum genus. These are oil-soluble and pungent (Ganora, 2009, p. 46, 113, 114). (Cayenne)
Capsanthin (Xanthophylis – Oxygenated Carotenoids) is used as an orange food coloring and a flavor in sauces, salad dressings, sausages and other foods. Ganora says all xanthophilis are oil-soluble. Ganora says this is a red pigment that occurs in fatty acids. She goes on to say this constituent has been found accumulated in HDL after drinking paprika juice and the current thought is the antioxidant ability is why peppers help prevent atherosclerosis (Hoffman, 2003, p. 85; Ganora, 2009, p. 69, 148, 149, 168). (Barberries, Cayenne, Tiger Lilly)
Capsorubin (Xanthophylis – oxygenated carotenoids): Ganora says all xanthophilis are oil-soluble. Ganora says this is a red pigment that occurs in fatty acids. This constituent is an antioxidant (Ganora, 2009, p. 69, 148). (Cayenne)
Carbohydrates are very water-soluble. They evaporate from alcohol and most are oil-phobic (Ganora, 2009, p. 44, 49, 63, 73). (Burdock)
Carboxylic acids: This is almost all biological acids. These are considered "weak" acids and citric acid is one that is known in this category. These are generally water-soluble (Ganora, 2009, 17, 19). (Chickweed)
Carotene: Ganora says carotenes are antioxidants and are good for the eyes and lungs. She lists other forms of carotenes are alpha-carotene, gamma-carotene, and delta-carotene. (Ganora, 2009, p. 69). (Carrot, Cayenne, Comfrey)
Carotenoids are lipid-soluble (fat-soluble) pigments which are found in every plant. In animals, this becomes Vitamin A. As Vitamin A, these are radical scavengers (Hoffman, 2003, p. 85, 168). (Carrot, Cayenne, Chickweed)
Cellulose consists primarily of glucose. They are not water-soluble (Hoffman, 2003, p. 44). (Bladderwrack, Kelp, Marshmallow)
Chalcones are yellow pigment. In case this information is needed later, there are two classes of flavonoid pigment. This falls under Anthochlors. The other pigment class is called Anthocyanins which is red to blue (Hoffman, 2003, p; 100, 106). (Licorice)
Chamazulene (Volatile Oil) has anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic properties (Hoffman, 2003, p. 68). (Yarrow)
Chelerythrine (Isoquinoline Alkaloids): Brinkler (2000) reports on page 67 and 171 this is a toxic constituent but this book doesn't break out what constituents are other than that. (California Poppy)
Chelidonine (Isoquinoline Alkaloids) is listed as antimicrobial and antispasmodic in Ganora (2009, p. 71). (California Poppy)
Chlorogenic acid (Phenolic Acids) is found in coffee and is responsible for its anti-diabetic activity. It "slows intestinal absorption of glucose", "decreases the liver's output of glucose" and strengthens the pancreas in the way the beta cells work. (Ganora, 2009, p. 65, 108). What all this means is you can drink coffee WITHOUT the added sweeteners and it can even be decaf and it will help with your diabetes. This actually makes sense to me (and Ganora mentions studies where this is proven) because coffee is a bitter. (Comfrey, European Elder)
Choline: While Ganora says it's on that page, I don't see it there. (Ganora, 2009, p. 93). I looked it up on Dr. Axe and he gives it an easy-to-understand run-down. The liver can create some of this micronutrient it needs more from food. It is used by the liver, brain, nervous system, and the metabolism. (Comfrey)
Cimicifugoside (Triterpene glycosides):
Cimifugine (Triterpene glycosides):
Cimiracemosides (Triterpene glycosides):
Cineol (Volatile oil) is anti-bacterial and is effective against gram-positive organisms. It is also anti-fungal and cytotoxic against cancer in humans such as hepatocellular carcinoma and breast adenocarcinoma MCF7. (Ganora, 2009, p. 135) Ganora listed 4 viruses it knocks out pretty easily but I don't want spelling errors. Essentially it beats up the flu and pneumonia. (Lavender, yarrow)
Cinnamaldehyde (Essential Oil, Phenylpropanoids) is an aldehyde particle where the aldehyde end is very polar and the other end is NOT polar. This means it's oil soluble but some small amount will dissolve in water. This property is antimicrobial (Ganora, 2009, p. 16, 68, 109, 139). (Blessed Thistle, Cinnamon)
Citral (Essential Oil) is the antiseptic property normally found in citrus oils. This constituent is the combination of two enantiomers which are gernaial and naral (Ganora, 2009, p. 136). (Blessed Thistle)
Cnicin (sesquiterpene lactone glycosides) is antimicrobial (Petersen 2018, p. 169). (Blessed Thistle)
Coloring Principles means it's used in dye or as a dye. (Bladderwrack)
Coumarin (Coumarins) is hepatoxic is rats and dogs but not humans. (Chickweed, Fenugreek, Red Clover)
Coumarin derivatives:
Coumarins inhibit aggression but are considered weak. They are phytoestrogenic. (Dandelion, Lavender)
Coumestrol (Coumarins): phytoestrogenic (Red Clover)
Cyanogenic glycosides (C-glycosides) (Amino Acid): These are composed of a sugar moiety, 2 variable R groups, and a nitrile group. They are also derived of various amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine. These are bitter compounds that can be toxic but humans do not complete absorption of them. We are able to digest a very small amount as a result. These are more soluble in hot water or hot alcohol. (European Elder, Passionflower)
Dihyrocapsaicin (Capsaicinoid) is oil-soluble (Ganora, 2009, p. 114). (Cayenne)
Diosgenin (Steroidal Saponin) synthesizes hormones. Hoffman says it’s used for partial synthesis (Ganora adds this is the aglycone portion) of steroid hormones. Ganora says these may be antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory. She also says there have been questions on whether this effects estrogen but there is no current evidence this constituent is able to synthesize any sex hormones (Hoffman, 2003, p. 82; Petersen, 2018, p. 46). (Fenugreek, Wild Yams)
Diosmin: (Buchu)
Diosphenol: (Buchu)
Diterpenes: Hoffman describes a specific diterpene so I'll just talk about Ganora. She says there are several categories and what they do depends on that category. Diterpenes, structurally, have 20 carbons. She says these are relatively stabile because of their size but a rare few may be volatile. They are usually constituents of oleoresins or resins. This means they are either water soluble or high-percentage alcohol soluble. it appears there are too many to specify any activity they may possess. She does say there are about 2,500 of them (Hoffman, 2003, p. 174; Ganora, 2003, p. 46, 68, 134, 139, 140). (Dandelion)
D-limonene (Volatile Oil, 1,8-Cineol) is also seen as (+)-limonene and makes up 90% of bitter and sweet orange peels. It works against cancer through detoxification (Ganora, 2009, p. 136). (Eucalyptus)
Echimidine (pyrrolizidine alkaloids) is a pyrrolizidine diester (Ganora, 2009, p. 72, 159). (Comfrey)
Eleutherosides A-M (Triterpenoid Saponins) are adaptogenic, improves stamina and resist stress by a tonic action on the adrenal glands. They are also neurportective and neuroregernative. They are based on aglycone oleanic acid, they differ due to the sugar groups attached (Ganora, 2009, p. 69, 142). (Eleuthero (Siberian Ginseng))
Emodin (Anthraquinone Glycosides): All Hoffman says on this one is it is in Rumex and Rheum species and some lichen (p. 98). (Yellow Dock)
Essential Oils are steam soluble. These are often the active compounds in the plant but even more so, they are often needed to activate the other constituents of the plant for a synergistic effect (Ganora, 2009, p. 19, 43, 45, 46, 51, 68 ,109, 134, 137, 139)
Eucalyptol (Volatile Oil) has anthelmintic, expectorant, and antiseptic properties and repels cockroaches (Hoffman, 2003, p. 66). (Eucalyptus)
Eugenol (Phenylpropahnoid) gives cinnamon and cloves their strong flavor and is found in the volatile oil (meaning it is oil-soluble). It's in other plants as well but she specifically calls out cloves and Wild Basil Ocimum gratissium. This is anti-microbial, antisceptic, anesthetic (topical), antioxidant, antimitotic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, inhibits platelet agregation, and in large amounts is caustic, convulsant, hepatoxic, a nervous system depressant, and induces hemostatic abnormalities. It is found as free eugenol or as eugenyl acetate (Ganora, 2009, p. 58, 65, 68, 109, 110, 139). (Cinnamon, Clove)
Fatty acids are vital to the body for lipids and Vitamin F which builds and maintains cell membranes (Hoffman, 2003, p. 54-7). Basically, any decent plant-based fat will have this as a constituent and possibly be broken down into the various forms of fat. (Burdock European Elder)
Ferulic Acid (Polyphenolic Acid) increases phagocytosis (Hoffman, 2003, p. 152). (Eucalyptus)
Fixed Oils are soluble in dietary oils and slightly soluble in ethanol. Examples are omega-3s, EFAs, PUFAs, DHA, and EPA which can be found in olive oil, palm, oil, hempseed oil, walnut oil, avocado oil, flax oil, almond oil and coconut oil (Ganora, 2009, p. 44, 45, 46, 47, 64, 85). (European Elder, Flaxseed)
Flavanones are either bitter or sweet (Hoffman, 2003, p. 107). (Licorice)
Flavonoids: all polyphenolic plant pigments of a specific structure. There are over 4,000 of them. These are broken down into categories: Catechins, dihydrochalones, chalones, flavanones (dihydroflavones), flavones, isoflavones, anthocyanides, aurones, flavanols, and flavonols. This general property is immunomodulatory due to antioxidant/free-radical scavenging ability (Hoffman, 2006, p. 100-102, 152, 167, 170, 174). (Chickweed, Eucalyptus, Fenugreek, Marshmallow, Passionflower, Red Clover, Yarrow)
Formononetin (isoflavones): phytoestrogenic (Licorice, Red Clover)
Fructose (polysaccharide, mucilage): is a natural sweetener found in some soft drinks. This is listed under the heading of foods that can cause gas (Hoffman, 2003, p. 263). (Comfrey)
Gallic Acid (Polyphenolic Acid), parent compound of gallotannins, has astringent, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antianaphylactic, anitmutagenic, choleretic, and bronchodilatory properties. It also relaxes smooth muscles and inhibits the degradation of insulin. Ganora adds this is an antioxidant. These are found in grapes, nuts, and many berries. She continues they are anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic and detoxify the liver. This acid is also easily absorbed and bioavailable which means there isn't much keeping it from getting into the body and beating up on some bad cells. She says historically, this was used as an astringent for gastrointestinal and urinary system issues and topically for purulent conjuctivitis. This compound is soluble in hot water (Hoffman, 2003, p. 92, 114; Ganora, 2009, p. 65, 81, 107, 108, 118, 123). (Eucalyptus)
Genistein (isoflavones): phytoestrogenic (Red Clover)
Gingerols (Oleoresin) are soluble in high-percentage alcohol and fixed oils. These are the natural oils, not essential oils that are generally used as carrier oils for essential oils or in cooking. This constituent is found in the fresh root. These are anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-platelet aggression, anti-cancer, stimulate circulation and antiemetic (Ganora, 2009, p. 45, 49, 66, 113, 114). (Ginger)
Glucans (Polysaccharides) simply means "chain of glucose units" (Ganora, 2009, p. 80). (Licorice)
Glycosides: are compounds that contain a sugar unit attached to a non-carbohydrate molecule (aglycone). The sugar makes them easier to absorb, making to aglycone more bioavailable than others. They are categorized by the sugar, aglycone, or the link between the 2. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 41, 48, 199)
Glycyrrhetinic Acid (Oleanane Triterpene) has anti-inflammatory and antiulcerogenic properties. This can increase renal sodium absorption which can increase blood pressure, hypokalemia, and water retention (Hoffman, 2003, p. 80). (Licorice)
Glycyrrhic acid is 50 times sweeter than sugar. (Licorice)
Glycyrrhizin (saponin, Oleanic Triterpene), 50 times sweeter than sugar, this constituent has antiulcerogenic and expectorant properties (Hoffman, 2003, p. 80). (Licorice)
Gum:
Gynocardin (Cyanogenic glycosides):
Harman (Indole alkaloids) depresses motor function in animal testing (Hoffman, 2003, p. 128). (Passionflower)
Harmaline (Indole alkaloids) has entheogenic properties, used to treat parkinson's at one time (Hoffman, 2003, p. 128). (Passionflower)
Harmine (Indole alkaloids) stimulates the nervous system and can cause convulsions at high doses (Hoffman, 2003, p. 128). (Passionflower)
Harmol (Indole Alkaloid): Ganora has these (all the harm(...) constituents) listed as simple beta-carboline alkaloids which falls under indole alkaloids. There is no further information on it (Ganora, 2009, p. 70). (Passionflower)
Hesperidin (Flavonoid): raises HDL cholesterol and lowers LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. It is also anti-inflammatory and analgesic (Hoffman, 2003, p. 14). (Buchu)
Humulene: anti-bacterial
Hyperoside (Quercetin Glycosides, Flavonoids) is a cardioprotective antioxidant and is anti-inflammatory (Ganora, 2009, p. 120). (European Elder, Eucalyptus)
Indole alkaloids (Alkaloid) are the second largest group of alkaloids. The majority are derived from tryptophan. They can be hallucinogenic or poisonous, strychnine comes from this group. These compounds are used in treating Hodgkin's disease, lymphosarcoma, and reticulum cell sarcoma (cancers) (Hoffman, 2003, p. 127-30, 204). (Passionflower)
Inulins are composed mainly of fructose. They are found in many foods, including the processed food created by the industry. They ferment in the colon for that healthy microbiome. They are antitumor, anitmicrobial, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antiosteoprotic, improve mineral absorption and balance. Some of these have alack of enough studies to fully state they are FACT but these are traditional uses (Hoffman, 2003, p. 45). (Burdock, Comfrey, Dandelion, Jeruselem Artichokes, Elecampane)
Iron is a mineral that is vital for human health. While some don't know but most do, not having enough iron in the body will cause anemia. Too much is considered toxic. There must be a proper balance of this mineral in the body to maintain health. While Ganora mentions this mineral, she discusses blockers of it so I'm leaving the reference here even though I didn't use it (Ganora, 2009, p. 8, 82). (Cinnamon)
Isoferulic acid:
Isoflavones: Depending on which ones, are only found in the Papilionoideae subfamily of the Fabaceae family. (Red Clover)
Isoleucine (Amino Acid, cyanogenic glycoside) is cyanogenic glycoside (Ganora, 2009, p. 104). This means too much is toxic. (Comfrey)
Isoquinoline Alkaloids are generally soluble in moderate to high alcohol though berberine is highly water-soluble (Ganora, 2009, p. 47). On page 159-60, she goes into the structure. This class is either medicinal or pshychotropic, some plant being used as poison on arrows.
Isovitexin:
Kaempferol (3,5,7,4-tetrahydroxyflavone) (Flavonoids): responsible for eliminating free radicals in plants caused by UV radiation of the sun (Ganora, p 120). (Cinnamon, Marshmallow, Passionflower, Red Clover)
Lectins (Glycoproteins) are proteins that bind sugar and precipitate some molecules. Hoffman's exact words are they cause "agglutination of cells". Agglutination means it causes clumping in red blood cells. Under a section on mistletoe, he mentions studies show this can actually damage the membrane of cancer cells and lead to apoptosis. They can also impair growth, cause diarrhea, and prevent absorption of nutrients. There are many forms of lectin and not all are safe. Ricin is a lectin. (Hoffman. 2003, p. 153, 164, 206). (European Elder)
Lignans tend to have antibacterial, antifungal, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-viral, and antifeedant properties (Hoffman, 2003, p. 112-4, 143, 175; Petersen 2018, p. 169). (Blessed Thistle, Burdock, Eleuthero, Flaxseed)
Lime can contain furanocoumarins which can cause a poison-ivy-like rash. (Ganora, 2009, p. 111)
Limonene (Volatile oil): This is the main constituent in oils from citrus fruits. It has expectorant and sedative activities. It has the potential to prevent pancreatic and breast cancer. it can be used to dissolve gallstones. There is potential for this to irritate the skin if sensitives are present (Hoffman, 2003, p. 63-4). (Buchu, Lavender)
Linalool (Volatile oil) can be used as an antiseptic, sedative and is fungistatic. It can be found in perfumes (Hoffman, 2003, p. 64). (Lavender, Licorice, Yarrow)
Linoleic (Fatty acids) is an unsaturated straight-chain acid with two unsaturated bonds. Ganora adds this is an essential fatty acid as it is a source for omega-6. Linoleic acid is often seen as LA. This is also a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). It is found in most dietary oils such as sunflower, hempseed, corn, soybean, cottonseed, peanut, and canola (Hoffman, 2003, p. 56; Ganora, 2009, p. 64, 85, 86, 87, 88). (European Elder)
Linolenic (Fatty acids) is an unsaturated straight-chain acid with three unsaturated bonds (Hoffman, 2003, p. 56). (European Elder)
Lipids are primarily only soluble in alcohol (best used as a tincture rather than a tea). This group is so vast, it gets a whole chapter in Hoffman which means I don't think it can be broken down to only one action or so. They are part of all biological membranes, provide fuel and store energy, store vitamins and hormones, provide immunological coatings for cells, provide water-proof coatings, and carry vitamins such as A, D, E, and K in the blood. Yes, these are fat cells but this proves why some fat is needed (Hoffman, 2003, p. 54-61, 166). (Fenugreek, Ginger)
Lithospermic (Phenolic Acid): is found in roots in the Boraginaceae family and potentially has contraceptive properties (Hoffman, 2003, p. 93). (Comfrey)
Liquirtigenin is antibacterial, antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory (Ganora, 2009, p. 67, 119).
Liquiritin (Isoflavones): Liquiritin is the glycoside form of liquirtigenin. It is antibacterial, antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory (Ganora, 2009, p. 67, 119). (Licorice)
Lupulinic acid: anti-bacterial
Luteolin is exuded from many leaves. He doesn't list any actions with it but that's okay (Hoffman, 2003, p. 106). (Licorice, Passionflower)
Luteolin glycosides:
Lycopsamine (pyrrolizidine alkaloids) is a mutagen and a pyrrolizidine monoester which is more present in young leaves than old leaves (Ganora, 2009, p. 72, 158, 159). (Comfrey)
Lysine (Amino Acid): Lysine is used to treat cold sores. I know the index says it's in Ganora and I'm leaving the reference here in case I find the correct page in the future but It's not on the page it says it is (Ganora, 2009, p. 162). (Comfrey, Fenugreek)
Maltol:
Mannite can be found as manna or mannitol. It is found in kelp and some edible Ash. It treats constipation and stimulates the gallbladder (Ganora, 2009, p. 76). (Bladderwrack)
Martairesinol (Lignan) is not oil-soluble (Ganora, 2009, p. 66, 112). (Burdock)
Menthol (Volatile oil) is an inhalant used for bronchial symptoms as well as nasal congestion. It is a carminative and gastric sedative when used internally. Externally used, it's antipruritic, analgesic, and antiseptic. In rare cases, it can cause reactions such as contact dermatitis (a rash) (Hoffman, 2003, p. 64).
Methionine (Amino Acid) is an amino acid that contains sulfur (Ganora, 2009, p. 11). (Comfrey)
Minerals: This just means the plant/herb is a good source of at least one mineral. Common minerals are iron, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium. These are listed below in further detail, including which herbs have which minerals. (Fenugreek, Red Clover)
Monomer is the form glucose takes in homo- and heteropolysaccharides. By looking at all these individual entries in here, it looks like monomers are the sugars and fibers in various forms (Ganora, 2009, p. 74, 76, 77, 78, 121, 123).
Monomeric Proanthocyanidins are proanthocyanidins that turn into some form of sugar when we consume them. (Cinnamon)
Monoterpene cineole: Ganora says this is another name for 1,8-cineole so please see that entry for information on this constituent (Ganora, 2009, p. 135).
Mucilage are primarily demulcents and emollients. Their slimy coating soothes and protects exposed/irritated surfaces in the gastrointestinal tract. They are great for treating ulcers and can't be digested so they are great for bowel movements. Small quantities even absorb excess water in the colon. These should be prepared as needed rather than stored (Hoffman, 2003, p. 50-1, 226). (Burdock, Comfrey, Fenugreek, Flaxseed, Marshmallow, Slippery Elm)
Mucopolysaccarides (Proteoglycans), often classified as glycoproteins, their carbohydrate chain is called glycosaminoglycns. These often have sulfate groups and can lead to the amino groups that make up glucosamine (Hoffman, 2003, p. 47). (Bladderwrack)
Oleanic Acid (Triterpenoid saponin aglycones) is chemoprotective, anticarcinigenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and hepaprotective (Ganora, 2009, p. 46, 69, 141). (European elder)
Oleoresins are preparations of volatile oils and resins with a menstruum of acetone, ether or alcohol. Hoffman says turpentine is a natural oleoresin. The other classification of these is prepared which uses one of the solvents mentioned here and percolates until the solvent is gone (Hoffman, 2003, p. 86-7). (Ginger)
Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins: (OPCs) are antioxidants that are protective of the vascular system. they trap specific free radicals, trap lipid peroxides and the cause of their formation, delay onset of lipid peroxidation, prevent iron-induced lipid peroxidation, Inhibit production of free radicals, and inhibit the degradation of connective tissue structures (Hoffman, 2003, p. 112, 295). (Cinnamon)
Organic acids are generally water-soluble but more so in the neutral to basic range (Ganora, 2009, p. 42, 44, 63, 73, 74, 81, 82, 83). (Burdock)
Oxalates are a form of oxalic acid. It's an organic acid that comes in insoluble form as calcium salt or potassium salt. In high amounts, they can be toxic because they reduce the bio-availability of minerals. These can cause kidney stones but simply avoiding them is not the answer as many things can cause this. Plants that are considered high in oxalates are yellow dock, lamb's quarters, amaranth, pigweed greens, rhubarb leaves, Oxalis spp., skunk cabbage, and Jack-in-the-pulpit (Ganora, p. 82-3). (Yellow Dock)
P-coumeric acid (polyphenolic acid) is apparently quite prolific in the plant world. It is antifungal and antihepatoxic. It may have some cytotoxicity (Hoffman, 2003, p. 94). (Marshmallow)
Palmitic Acid (Fixed Oil) is an unsaturated straight-chain acid with one unsaturated bond. Ganora adds this is a source of Omega-7. She lists this fat under saturated fats. I didn't think this was possible, but she explains this constituent acts as both depending on the situation (Hoffman, 2003, p. 56; Ganora, 2009, p. 64, 86, 87, 93, 94). (European Elder)
Pectin (heteropolysaccharide) is a "linear polysaccharide" which contains primarily D-galacturonic acid. They are in apples and citrus fruits primarily and become gelatinous. Pectin has been used in the treatment of diarrhea with other things as well as cholesterol, and as an antithombotic. It may help with colorectal cancer (Hoffman, 2003, p. 47). Pectin is used to make jelly. (Burdock, European Elder, Marshmallow)
Pelargonidin (Flavonoid, Anthocyanidin/Anthocyanin) is antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and carcinostatic (Ganora, 2009, p. 66, 117). (Cinnamon)
Perillyl alcohol (POH): for cancer (Ulbricht, 2010, p. 466). (Lavender)
Phenolic is a molecule with an aromatic ring (Hoffman, 2003, p. 40). (Bladderwrack)
Phenolic acids are best described as antimicrobial in the urinary tract and anti-inflammatory. All phenols are antimicrobial and were first used as antiseptics (Hoffman, 2003, p. 92). (Burdock, Chickweed, Comfrey, European Elder)
Phenolic compounds are compounds of simple phenols and polyphenols. They are found as glycosides which are more water-soluble than the other form which is aglycones. There is a list here of the various compounds and what their solubility is if it can be narrowed down to one solvent (Ganora, 2009, p. 45).
Phlorogucinol (Phenolic Compound), also called phenolic ketones, says examples of this are hyperforin and THC and are soluble in low-polarity solvents and solutions with a high percentage of EtOH. On page 67, she lists some derivatives and what their actions are. Since they are all different, I won't list them here but having the reference here is a good thing for finding this data when I need it later (Ganora, 2009, p. 45, 55, 67, 127). (Bladderwrack)
Phytoalexins: are formed by the plant in response to infection or infestation. (Red Clover)
Phytosterols: mean there is a hydroxyl group attached to the C3 and an extra methyl or ethyl in the side chain. This is what differentiates it from an animal sterol (phyto meaning plant). Ganora says these are soluble in oil. She says these are good for cholesterol, blood lipids, and reduce blood-soluble vitamins in the blood. These are good for enlarged prostates and some are anti-carcinogenic. These also are believed to be responsible for sexual and hormonal toning activities. The major phytosterols which may come up later are beta-sitosterol, campestrerol, and stigmasterol (Hoffman, 2003, p. 83, 143; Ganora, 2009, 44, 46, 64, 69, 91, 92, 134, 145). (Chickweed, Dandelion, Flaxseed, Licorice, Yarrow)
Polyacetylenes (Sesquiterpese lactone glycosides) are alcohol-solvent between 40-60% (Ganora, 2009, p. 44, 64, 85, 97, 98). Petersen (2018) adds they are anti-microbial (p. 169). (Blessed Thistle, Burdock)
Polysaccharides (mucilage) activate the macrophages which initiates the body’s defenses against pathogens and cancer cells (Hoffman, 2003, p. 544). (Comfrey, Licorice)
Polyenes are antifungal agents, also called antimycotic (Ganora, 2009, p. 97). (Blessed Thistle)
Potassium while not described in Ganora, is an essential mineral that most people notice a deficiency when they experience leg cramps. Consuming potassium-rich plants can improve health. I think there is a limit to how much is good but I can't recall off the top of my head (Ganora, 2009, p. 82, 142). (Cinnamon)
Proanthocyanidins are condensed tannins. If acids or enzymes are present, they are not water-soluble (Hoffman, 2003, p. 13, 114) (Cinnamon)
Proteins are building blocks of the body. Proteins are listed on many pages and have many functions in the body. These can be water-soluble but it depends on pH. They do break down over time in alcohol. (Ganora, 2009, p. 11, 22, 24, 45, 65, 77, 92, 101). Instead, I'm using my anatomy book. Proteins are the basic building blocks of the body and do so many things for us. Really, just listing "protein" isn't very helpful. Though, i felt the need to list this because there are many break-downs of types of proteins, such as amino acids. (Marieb and Hoehn, 2019, p. 48) The difference in the 2 sources, the first is in how the plant uses it, the second is how the human body uses it. Sometimes they differ. In this instance, they do not but the human body one was easier understood for those who don't have Ganora's book in front of them. (Comfrey, Flaxseed)
Proanthocyanidins are condensed tannins. If acids or enzymes are present, they are not water-soluble. These are antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective (Hoffman, 2003, p. 13, 114, Ganora, 2009, p. 66). (Cinnamon, Grape Seed, Hawthorn, Pine Bark)
Protopine (Alkaloid): is listed as an antispasmodic, sedative and anticholinergic (Ganora, 2009, p. 71). On page 160, Ganora adds antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective and anti-bacterial. (California poppy)
Pulegone (volatile oil): a mosquito and flea repellent but is toxic in cats so don't let your cats eat a plant containing this. There is also a possibility of it being hepatoxic (bad for the liver) so use with caution or as directed by a professional (Ganora, 2009, p. 135). (Buchu)
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: There are about 200 compounds that fall in this category due to structural similarities. They are distinguished by a fused 5-memberd ring with nitrogen in position 4, hydroxymethyl group in position 9 and a hydroxyl group in position 7 (structure is called a necine). A lot of these are toxic but not all (Hoffman, 2003, 123-4, 188, 202-3, 321, 586). (Comfrey)
Quercetin (Flavonoid): reduces allergy-induced inflammation, inhibits the growth of head and neck cancers, inhibits reverse transcriptase (Hoffman, 2003, p. 14). (Buchu, Cinnamon, European Elder, Marshmallow, Passionflower)
Racemoside (Triterpene glycosides):
Resins: are not water-soluble and need either alcohol or oil to extract the constituents. The older the sample, the harder it is to extract. (Eucalyptus, Red Clover)
Rosmarinic Acid (Phenolic Acids) is a phenylpropanoid dimer which comes from the rosemary plant but is found in other plants as well. There are quite a few in the Lamiaceae and Boraginaceae families, including thyme. This is a powerful antioxidant, preservative, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, and anti-allergic compound. (Ganora, 2009, p. 65, 109). This is one of the compounds in my Lamiaceae family paper from last semester (2) that gave the plants the ability to help fight off colds. This is water-soluble. (Comrey)
Rutin (Flavonoid): is an anti-inflammatory and loves to scavenge free-radicals. It helps strengthen blood vessels - specifically capillaries and veins. It is also antiviral and antibacterial (Hoffman, 2003, p. 105). (Buchu, European Elder, Eucalyptus, Passionflower)
Safrole (phenylpropanoid) is found in the essential oil. Some science claims this is carginogenic but when a sassafras tea with the constituent is consumed, it's not. The amount of the constituent probably plays a role here (Ganora, 2009, p. 109). (Sassafras, Nutmeg, Cinnamon, Basil)
Salicylic acid (polyphenolic acid) is an anti-inflammatory which a synthetic version is used in aspirin. This by itself can harm the stomach. (Ganora, 2009, p. 17, 19, 65, 107). (Flaxseed)
Sambunigrin (Cyanogenic Glycoside) accumulates in the leaves and bark of the elderberry plant. It can have toxic levels in the unripe berries. This includes the red-berry variety so cooking is needed. CAN have toxic levels doesn't mean DOES (Ganora, 2009, p. 105). (European elder)
Saponins can be antifertility, antihepatoxic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, capillary strengthening, cytotoxic, antitumor, insecticidal, antifeedant, molluscicidal, piscicidal, and plant growth inhibitors. These are listed under the heading "General Properties of Steroidal Saponins" (Hoffman, 2003, p. 81). (Fenugreek)
Saponin glycosides: Saponins are toxic to cold-blooded animals. They generally occur in plants as glycosides. They are non-toxic to humans. Saponin glycosides are either triterpenoid (30 carbons) or steroidal (27 carbons). I think based on the reading, writing saponin glycoside is the same as writing saponin. These also tend to foam up like soap. It allows the more oily constituents to dissolve in water and vice versa. This constituent can be adaptogenic or antiarthritic (Hoffman, 2003, p. 49, 200; Ganora, 2009, 141). (Chickweed)
Scopoletin (coumarin) is common in the Nightshade family, poppies and grapefruit (Ganora, 2009, p. 65, 110). (Marshmallow)
Sesamin (Lignans): has antihypertensive, cardioprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective properties and helps protect the skin from UV rays (Ganora, 2009, p. 112). (Eleuthero (Siberian Ginseng))
Sesquiterpene lactones: these can kill sheep and goats - are highly irritating to their nose, eyes, and gastrointestinal tracts. Other lactones break down the toxins through metabolism. These can help with cancer but can also be cytotoxic so they are often avoided (Hoffman, 2003, p. 70, 174, 199, 370). (Burdock, Yarrow)
Sesquiterpenes: Constituents are often classified based on structure and this particular one makes that hard... There are over 200 structure types. The 3 main structures are acyclic, monocytclic, and bicyclic. Some of these act as pheromones for communication between plants. Some provide a defensive role (Hoffman, 2003, p. 67). (Burdock)
Shogoals (Oleoresin) are what gingerols turn into once the root is dried. These are anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and stimulate circulation (Ganora, 2009, p. 49, 113, 114). (Ginger)
Sodium (Bromine Compounds) is in this book to discuss solubility of other substances (Ganora, 2009, p. 82, 142). While important, the importance of sodium in the body is often over looked. Sodium is needed in almost every cell in the body. People run into problems with sodium because they are not properly absorbing it. Malabsorption of this vital nutrient needs to be addressed for proper health. (Bladderwrack)
Starch is in some algae and all "higher" plants. Both categories of starch in plants are water-soluble (Hoffman, 2003, p. 44). (Licorice, Slippery Elm)
Steroidal saponins are structured like triterpenoids but with 4 rings. These are used as detergents and re in fire extinguishers and fish poisons but are safe for human consumption. They share many of the properties of the higher level, saponins (Hoffman, 2003, p. 81). (Comfrey)
Sterols (Aglycone Glycosides) are often used to imply phytosterols in these books. They need to be careful, though because sterols are found in animals while the same molecule can be called a phytosterol because it is found in a plant. calling it a sterol when it's in a plant can cause confusion (Ganora, 2009, p. 92, 93). (European Elder, Eleuthero)
Stigmasterol (Phytosterols), found in higher plants, is vital in the structure of cell membranes (Hoffman, 2003, p. 84, 143; Ganora, 2009, p. 69, 145). (Dandelion, Soybeans)
Sugars:
Sucrose (Sugars):
Symlandine (pyrrolizidine alkaloids) is a mutagen and a pyrrolizidine monoester which is more present in young leaves than old leaves (Ganora, 2009, p. 72, 158, 159). (Comfrey)
Symphytine (pyrrolizidine alkaloids): can be hepatoxic (Hoffman, 2003, p. 124). (Comfrey)
Tannins: can damper some of the harsher effects of some constituents but excessive use of them can cause certain cancers. In lab studies, they can inhibit fungi, yeast, bacteria and viruses. They do inhibit some other cancers and are antioxidants. There are different kinds of tannins so the risks vary. They are present in plants to protect them in various ways, depending on location (Hoffman, 2003, p. 114-117, 201). (Blessed Thistle, Burdock, Comfrey, European Elder, Eucalyptus, Marshmallow, Slippery Elm, Yarrow, Yellow Dock)
Thujone (Volatile oil) may cause convulsions if ingested. Thankfully, he adds 30mg/kg of weight is a toxic level and this is cumulative so ingesting this could be a bad thing. It also causes lesions in the brain's cortex. He does point out if you make a tea (water extract), you won't get the toxic dose. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 66, 199, 530). (Yarrow)
Trace metals means while the plant doesn't absorb a lot of a particular metal, it does absorb enough to provide the human body with the trace amount it needs. In commercial products, trace amount refers to that less than 2% in the product which is not normally reported because they are not legally bound to do so. (Bladderwrack)
Triterpenes are oil-soluble as well as high percentage alcohol soluble. These tend to make great essential oils and are used for steam therapies, like making a peppermint oil and using that to help with congestion through steam, as an example. Reading this section, this can get pretty complicated so I'll only add a bit more if requested. While most triterpenes are NOT water soluble, the glycoside triterpenoids are which is why it's important to know which is which. (Ganora, 2009, p. 45, 46, 68, 134, 140, 141, 142, 144). (Comfrey, European Elder, Yarrow)
Triterpene glycosides:
Triterpenoid saponins have 30 carbons with 3-5 sugars attached and are generally anti0inflammatory while some are adaptogenic. they can also be antioxidant and vascular toning (Hoffman, 2003, p. 79; Ganora, 2009, 142). (Chickweed)
Tryptophan (amino acid) is the stuff in our thanksgiving turkey dinner that puts us in a coma after eating... LOL The reason for this is tryptophan is a mild sedative that relaxed the consumer (Ganora, 2009, p. 33). (Comfrey, Fenugreek)
Ursolic Acid (Triterpenoid saponin aglycones) is chemoprotective, anticarcinigenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and hepaprotective (Ganora, 2009, p. 46, 69, 141). (European Elder, Lavender)
Umbelliferone (Coumarins) is antifungal and antibacterial. It also absorbs UV rays so it's in lotions and sun screen (Hoffman, 2003, p. 96). (Lavender)
Valerianic ester (esters):
Vanillic acid (polyphenolic acid) is anti-fungal is found in small amounts in the plants it's in (Hoffman, 2003, p. 93). (Marshmallow)
Vitamins: This just means the plant/herb is a good source of at least one vitamin. Common vitamins are A, B, C, D, and K.
Vitexin:
Violaxanthin (Carotenoids, Xanthophylls): Violaxanthin is yellow and common. This constituent inhibits the virus that activates Epstein-Barr and promotes an anti-tumor effect and is also an antioxidant. It accumulates in ovarian tissue. This and other xanthophylls have been found to reverse drug resistance in breast cancer and enhance chemotherapy drugs (Ganora, 2009, p. 25, 69, 149). (Dandelion)
Volatile oil: Volatile just means they evaporate more quickly than other substances (Ganora, 2009, p. 52, 57, 61, 134, 139). If it says "volatile", you want to use the plant as fresh as possible and try not to warm it up in any way. (Bladderwrack, Burdock, Comfrey, Eucalyptus, Fenugreek, Ginger, Licorice, Kelp, Red Clover, Yarrow)
Xanthophylis – oxygenated carotenoids: Ganora says all of these are oil-soluble and need to be taken with some form of fatty food to be absorbed by the body. This word means “yellow leaf” but the color can range into the orange and red area. These carotenoids contain either hydroxyl, ketone or epoxide groups in their rings. These are significant antioxidants and improve lung function and protect against macular degeneration (Ganora, 2009, p. 69, 148-9). (Cayenne)
Zingiberene (Sesquiterpene) has carminative properties and is used for flavoring (Hoffman, 2003, p. 69). (Ginger)
Absinthin (sesquiterpene lactone glycosides), also seen as absinthiin, is a bitter principle and the main one in wormwood (Hoffman, 2003, p. 70). (Blessed Thistle)
Acetylenic compounds: (Burdock)
Achillein: (Yarrow)
Achilleic acid: (Yarrow)
Actein (Triterpene glycosides):
Allantoin: promotes the formation of granulation tissue and callus. (Comfrey)
Alkaloids are defined by Hoffman as "organic compounds with at least one nitrogen atom in the heterocyclic ring". This is the ONLY thing they all have in common. They are not usually soluble in water, nor are their salts. Most are also alkaline (Hoffman, 2003, p. 120-133, 152). (Fenugreek, Passionflower, Yarrow)
Alkanes simply means it compounds that have hydrocarbon molecules with only single bonds. This suffix -ane, generally means it is one of these compounds (Ganora, 2009, p. 20, 93). (European Elder)
Alpha-lineic Acid (ALA) (Fixed oil) is anti-inflammatory. This is a PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid). The body converts about 5-10% of ALA consumed to EPA which is eicosapentaenoic acid and about 1% to DHA which is docosahexaenoic acid. Omega-6 can suppress this (Ganora, 2009, p. 64, 85, 87, 88). (Flaxseed)
Amino Acid (Protein) can be very water soluble. The issue here is amino acids vary greatly on pH. Some are water soluble, some are alcohol soluble. Temperature can also have an effect (Ganora, 2009, 12, 21, 44, 45, 65, 101, 103, 104, 107, 114, 133, 154). (Comfrey, Fenugreek, Licorice, Passionflower)
Anthocyanins are the red to blue dyes. They are produce the pinks, reds, violets, and blues and give the astringent flavor. Ganora adds these are water-soluble, protect the plant from UV rays, are antioxidant, carcinostatic, and anti-inflammatory and are induced by cooler weather. She also mentions the constituent encourages apoptosis in cancer cells and growth of new cells. They are also venotonic and improve night vision (Hoffman, 2003, p. 106; Ganora, 2009, p. 41, 45, 58, 66, 117, 120, 156, 168). (European Elder)
Anthraquinone Glycosides are laxatives that stimulate in the large intestines. Higher doses can cause nausea, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, dizziness, abdominal pain, and kidney damage so it is very important to not exceed the recommended dosage (Hoffman, 2003, p. 201). (Yellow Dock)
Apigenin (Flavonoid), occasionally on leaves and in ferns, has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, diuretic, and hypotensive properties (Hoffman, 2003, p. 106). (Passionflower)
Asparagine is an anti-inflammatory substance. (Comfrey, Marshmallow)
Aucubin (Glycosides):
Azulene: (Yarrow)
Benzaldehyde (Volatile Oil) is a higher-molecular-weight aldehyde which has a pleasant flowery scent and is found in essential oils (Hoffman, 2003, p. 65). (Licorice)
Beta-carotene (Carotene) is found in all green leaves of higher plants and mosses, algae and ferns. Hoffman calls this the most important Vitamin A precursor. It is used commercially as food coloring and as sunscreen to protect against erythropoietic protoporphyria (Hoffman, 2003, p. 85). (Carrots, Cayenne, Gorse, Oats, Rose Hips, Sweet potato)
Beta-sitosterol (Phytosterols), also seen as B-sitosterol, is in a lot of higher plants. It is essential in cell membranes. It seems to have antihyperlipoproteinemic activity. Ganora adds this constituent accounts for around 70% of phytosterols, which of course means sterols that are found in plants. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 84, 143; Ganora, 2009, p. 145). (Dandelion, Corn (Zea mays), Eleuthero, Wheat Germ)
Biochanin A (isoflavones): phytoestrogenic (Red Clover)
Borneol (Volatile oil) is used mainly to make esters, used in cosmetics. It can also be found in some perfumes and can be toxic to the nervous system of mammals (Hoffman, 2003, p. 64). (Lavender, Yarrow)
Bornyl acetate (esters): sedative
Bornyl formate (esters):
Bornyl isovalerianate (esters):
C-glycosides:
Caffeic Acid (Phenolic Acids): it has antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and cardioprotective properties (Ganora, 2009, p. 108). It adds synergy for antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects in herbs such as echinacea. (Comfrey, Echinacea, Eucalutpus, Marshmallow)
Californidine (Isoquinoline Alkaloids): Ganora lists this as a nervine and a relaxant (2009, p. 71). (California Poppy)
Californine (Alkaloid): (California poppy)
Camphor can irritate the skin. It is also a rubefacient. It cools the skin and has anesthetic and antipruritic actions. Hoffman says here this is used as a moth repellent and having worked with this, I can believe it! It's also used as a preservative in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 65, 86) (Cinnamon, Yarrow)
Capsaicin (Capsaicinoid, Phenylpropanoid Derivative) causes a cooling affect by first causing heat which desensitizes the hypothalamus gland which then cools the body. This is a very low-polar compound even though it contains a highly polar amide group. It is soluble in high-percentage alcohol and fixed oils. The anodyne function of this constituent works by interrupting the pain signals in the nerves. Overuse of this herb for this purpose has negative consequences (Heinerman, 1996, p. 127; Ganora, 2009, p. 21, 45, 114, 154, 155). (Cayenne)
Capsaicinoids (Phenylpropanoid) are only found in the plants of the Capsicum genus. These are oil-soluble and pungent (Ganora, 2009, p. 46, 113, 114). (Cayenne)
Capsanthin (Xanthophylis – Oxygenated Carotenoids) is used as an orange food coloring and a flavor in sauces, salad dressings, sausages and other foods. Ganora says all xanthophilis are oil-soluble. Ganora says this is a red pigment that occurs in fatty acids. She goes on to say this constituent has been found accumulated in HDL after drinking paprika juice and the current thought is the antioxidant ability is why peppers help prevent atherosclerosis (Hoffman, 2003, p. 85; Ganora, 2009, p. 69, 148, 149, 168). (Barberries, Cayenne, Tiger Lilly)
Capsorubin (Xanthophylis – oxygenated carotenoids): Ganora says all xanthophilis are oil-soluble. Ganora says this is a red pigment that occurs in fatty acids. This constituent is an antioxidant (Ganora, 2009, p. 69, 148). (Cayenne)
Carbohydrates are very water-soluble. They evaporate from alcohol and most are oil-phobic (Ganora, 2009, p. 44, 49, 63, 73). (Burdock)
Carboxylic acids: This is almost all biological acids. These are considered "weak" acids and citric acid is one that is known in this category. These are generally water-soluble (Ganora, 2009, 17, 19). (Chickweed)
Carotene: Ganora says carotenes are antioxidants and are good for the eyes and lungs. She lists other forms of carotenes are alpha-carotene, gamma-carotene, and delta-carotene. (Ganora, 2009, p. 69). (Carrot, Cayenne, Comfrey)
Carotenoids are lipid-soluble (fat-soluble) pigments which are found in every plant. In animals, this becomes Vitamin A. As Vitamin A, these are radical scavengers (Hoffman, 2003, p. 85, 168). (Carrot, Cayenne, Chickweed)
Cellulose consists primarily of glucose. They are not water-soluble (Hoffman, 2003, p. 44). (Bladderwrack, Kelp, Marshmallow)
Chalcones are yellow pigment. In case this information is needed later, there are two classes of flavonoid pigment. This falls under Anthochlors. The other pigment class is called Anthocyanins which is red to blue (Hoffman, 2003, p; 100, 106). (Licorice)
Chamazulene (Volatile Oil) has anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic properties (Hoffman, 2003, p. 68). (Yarrow)
Chelerythrine (Isoquinoline Alkaloids): Brinkler (2000) reports on page 67 and 171 this is a toxic constituent but this book doesn't break out what constituents are other than that. (California Poppy)
Chelidonine (Isoquinoline Alkaloids) is listed as antimicrobial and antispasmodic in Ganora (2009, p. 71). (California Poppy)
Chlorogenic acid (Phenolic Acids) is found in coffee and is responsible for its anti-diabetic activity. It "slows intestinal absorption of glucose", "decreases the liver's output of glucose" and strengthens the pancreas in the way the beta cells work. (Ganora, 2009, p. 65, 108). What all this means is you can drink coffee WITHOUT the added sweeteners and it can even be decaf and it will help with your diabetes. This actually makes sense to me (and Ganora mentions studies where this is proven) because coffee is a bitter. (Comfrey, European Elder)
Choline: While Ganora says it's on that page, I don't see it there. (Ganora, 2009, p. 93). I looked it up on Dr. Axe and he gives it an easy-to-understand run-down. The liver can create some of this micronutrient it needs more from food. It is used by the liver, brain, nervous system, and the metabolism. (Comfrey)
Cimicifugoside (Triterpene glycosides):
Cimifugine (Triterpene glycosides):
Cimiracemosides (Triterpene glycosides):
Cineol (Volatile oil) is anti-bacterial and is effective against gram-positive organisms. It is also anti-fungal and cytotoxic against cancer in humans such as hepatocellular carcinoma and breast adenocarcinoma MCF7. (Ganora, 2009, p. 135) Ganora listed 4 viruses it knocks out pretty easily but I don't want spelling errors. Essentially it beats up the flu and pneumonia. (Lavender, yarrow)
Cinnamaldehyde (Essential Oil, Phenylpropanoids) is an aldehyde particle where the aldehyde end is very polar and the other end is NOT polar. This means it's oil soluble but some small amount will dissolve in water. This property is antimicrobial (Ganora, 2009, p. 16, 68, 109, 139). (Blessed Thistle, Cinnamon)
Citral (Essential Oil) is the antiseptic property normally found in citrus oils. This constituent is the combination of two enantiomers which are gernaial and naral (Ganora, 2009, p. 136). (Blessed Thistle)
Cnicin (sesquiterpene lactone glycosides) is antimicrobial (Petersen 2018, p. 169). (Blessed Thistle)
Coloring Principles means it's used in dye or as a dye. (Bladderwrack)
Coumarin (Coumarins) is hepatoxic is rats and dogs but not humans. (Chickweed, Fenugreek, Red Clover)
Coumarin derivatives:
Coumarins inhibit aggression but are considered weak. They are phytoestrogenic. (Dandelion, Lavender)
Coumestrol (Coumarins): phytoestrogenic (Red Clover)
Cyanogenic glycosides (C-glycosides) (Amino Acid): These are composed of a sugar moiety, 2 variable R groups, and a nitrile group. They are also derived of various amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine. These are bitter compounds that can be toxic but humans do not complete absorption of them. We are able to digest a very small amount as a result. These are more soluble in hot water or hot alcohol. (European Elder, Passionflower)
Dihyrocapsaicin (Capsaicinoid) is oil-soluble (Ganora, 2009, p. 114). (Cayenne)
Diosgenin (Steroidal Saponin) synthesizes hormones. Hoffman says it’s used for partial synthesis (Ganora adds this is the aglycone portion) of steroid hormones. Ganora says these may be antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory. She also says there have been questions on whether this effects estrogen but there is no current evidence this constituent is able to synthesize any sex hormones (Hoffman, 2003, p. 82; Petersen, 2018, p. 46). (Fenugreek, Wild Yams)
Diosmin: (Buchu)
Diosphenol: (Buchu)
Diterpenes: Hoffman describes a specific diterpene so I'll just talk about Ganora. She says there are several categories and what they do depends on that category. Diterpenes, structurally, have 20 carbons. She says these are relatively stabile because of their size but a rare few may be volatile. They are usually constituents of oleoresins or resins. This means they are either water soluble or high-percentage alcohol soluble. it appears there are too many to specify any activity they may possess. She does say there are about 2,500 of them (Hoffman, 2003, p. 174; Ganora, 2003, p. 46, 68, 134, 139, 140). (Dandelion)
D-limonene (Volatile Oil, 1,8-Cineol) is also seen as (+)-limonene and makes up 90% of bitter and sweet orange peels. It works against cancer through detoxification (Ganora, 2009, p. 136). (Eucalyptus)
Echimidine (pyrrolizidine alkaloids) is a pyrrolizidine diester (Ganora, 2009, p. 72, 159). (Comfrey)
Eleutherosides A-M (Triterpenoid Saponins) are adaptogenic, improves stamina and resist stress by a tonic action on the adrenal glands. They are also neurportective and neuroregernative. They are based on aglycone oleanic acid, they differ due to the sugar groups attached (Ganora, 2009, p. 69, 142). (Eleuthero (Siberian Ginseng))
Emodin (Anthraquinone Glycosides): All Hoffman says on this one is it is in Rumex and Rheum species and some lichen (p. 98). (Yellow Dock)
Essential Oils are steam soluble. These are often the active compounds in the plant but even more so, they are often needed to activate the other constituents of the plant for a synergistic effect (Ganora, 2009, p. 19, 43, 45, 46, 51, 68 ,109, 134, 137, 139)
Eucalyptol (Volatile Oil) has anthelmintic, expectorant, and antiseptic properties and repels cockroaches (Hoffman, 2003, p. 66). (Eucalyptus)
Eugenol (Phenylpropahnoid) gives cinnamon and cloves their strong flavor and is found in the volatile oil (meaning it is oil-soluble). It's in other plants as well but she specifically calls out cloves and Wild Basil Ocimum gratissium. This is anti-microbial, antisceptic, anesthetic (topical), antioxidant, antimitotic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, inhibits platelet agregation, and in large amounts is caustic, convulsant, hepatoxic, a nervous system depressant, and induces hemostatic abnormalities. It is found as free eugenol or as eugenyl acetate (Ganora, 2009, p. 58, 65, 68, 109, 110, 139). (Cinnamon, Clove)
Fatty acids are vital to the body for lipids and Vitamin F which builds and maintains cell membranes (Hoffman, 2003, p. 54-7). Basically, any decent plant-based fat will have this as a constituent and possibly be broken down into the various forms of fat. (Burdock European Elder)
Ferulic Acid (Polyphenolic Acid) increases phagocytosis (Hoffman, 2003, p. 152). (Eucalyptus)
Fixed Oils are soluble in dietary oils and slightly soluble in ethanol. Examples are omega-3s, EFAs, PUFAs, DHA, and EPA which can be found in olive oil, palm, oil, hempseed oil, walnut oil, avocado oil, flax oil, almond oil and coconut oil (Ganora, 2009, p. 44, 45, 46, 47, 64, 85). (European Elder, Flaxseed)
Flavanones are either bitter or sweet (Hoffman, 2003, p. 107). (Licorice)
Flavonoids: all polyphenolic plant pigments of a specific structure. There are over 4,000 of them. These are broken down into categories: Catechins, dihydrochalones, chalones, flavanones (dihydroflavones), flavones, isoflavones, anthocyanides, aurones, flavanols, and flavonols. This general property is immunomodulatory due to antioxidant/free-radical scavenging ability (Hoffman, 2006, p. 100-102, 152, 167, 170, 174). (Chickweed, Eucalyptus, Fenugreek, Marshmallow, Passionflower, Red Clover, Yarrow)
Formononetin (isoflavones): phytoestrogenic (Licorice, Red Clover)
Fructose (polysaccharide, mucilage): is a natural sweetener found in some soft drinks. This is listed under the heading of foods that can cause gas (Hoffman, 2003, p. 263). (Comfrey)
Gallic Acid (Polyphenolic Acid), parent compound of gallotannins, has astringent, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antianaphylactic, anitmutagenic, choleretic, and bronchodilatory properties. It also relaxes smooth muscles and inhibits the degradation of insulin. Ganora adds this is an antioxidant. These are found in grapes, nuts, and many berries. She continues they are anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic and detoxify the liver. This acid is also easily absorbed and bioavailable which means there isn't much keeping it from getting into the body and beating up on some bad cells. She says historically, this was used as an astringent for gastrointestinal and urinary system issues and topically for purulent conjuctivitis. This compound is soluble in hot water (Hoffman, 2003, p. 92, 114; Ganora, 2009, p. 65, 81, 107, 108, 118, 123). (Eucalyptus)
Genistein (isoflavones): phytoestrogenic (Red Clover)
Gingerols (Oleoresin) are soluble in high-percentage alcohol and fixed oils. These are the natural oils, not essential oils that are generally used as carrier oils for essential oils or in cooking. This constituent is found in the fresh root. These are anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-platelet aggression, anti-cancer, stimulate circulation and antiemetic (Ganora, 2009, p. 45, 49, 66, 113, 114). (Ginger)
Glucans (Polysaccharides) simply means "chain of glucose units" (Ganora, 2009, p. 80). (Licorice)
Glycosides: are compounds that contain a sugar unit attached to a non-carbohydrate molecule (aglycone). The sugar makes them easier to absorb, making to aglycone more bioavailable than others. They are categorized by the sugar, aglycone, or the link between the 2. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 41, 48, 199)
Glycyrrhetinic Acid (Oleanane Triterpene) has anti-inflammatory and antiulcerogenic properties. This can increase renal sodium absorption which can increase blood pressure, hypokalemia, and water retention (Hoffman, 2003, p. 80). (Licorice)
Glycyrrhic acid is 50 times sweeter than sugar. (Licorice)
Glycyrrhizin (saponin, Oleanic Triterpene), 50 times sweeter than sugar, this constituent has antiulcerogenic and expectorant properties (Hoffman, 2003, p. 80). (Licorice)
Gum:
Gynocardin (Cyanogenic glycosides):
Harman (Indole alkaloids) depresses motor function in animal testing (Hoffman, 2003, p. 128). (Passionflower)
Harmaline (Indole alkaloids) has entheogenic properties, used to treat parkinson's at one time (Hoffman, 2003, p. 128). (Passionflower)
Harmine (Indole alkaloids) stimulates the nervous system and can cause convulsions at high doses (Hoffman, 2003, p. 128). (Passionflower)
Harmol (Indole Alkaloid): Ganora has these (all the harm(...) constituents) listed as simple beta-carboline alkaloids which falls under indole alkaloids. There is no further information on it (Ganora, 2009, p. 70). (Passionflower)
Hesperidin (Flavonoid): raises HDL cholesterol and lowers LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. It is also anti-inflammatory and analgesic (Hoffman, 2003, p. 14). (Buchu)
Humulene: anti-bacterial
Hyperoside (Quercetin Glycosides, Flavonoids) is a cardioprotective antioxidant and is anti-inflammatory (Ganora, 2009, p. 120). (European Elder, Eucalyptus)
Indole alkaloids (Alkaloid) are the second largest group of alkaloids. The majority are derived from tryptophan. They can be hallucinogenic or poisonous, strychnine comes from this group. These compounds are used in treating Hodgkin's disease, lymphosarcoma, and reticulum cell sarcoma (cancers) (Hoffman, 2003, p. 127-30, 204). (Passionflower)
Inulins are composed mainly of fructose. They are found in many foods, including the processed food created by the industry. They ferment in the colon for that healthy microbiome. They are antitumor, anitmicrobial, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antiosteoprotic, improve mineral absorption and balance. Some of these have alack of enough studies to fully state they are FACT but these are traditional uses (Hoffman, 2003, p. 45). (Burdock, Comfrey, Dandelion, Jeruselem Artichokes, Elecampane)
Iron is a mineral that is vital for human health. While some don't know but most do, not having enough iron in the body will cause anemia. Too much is considered toxic. There must be a proper balance of this mineral in the body to maintain health. While Ganora mentions this mineral, she discusses blockers of it so I'm leaving the reference here even though I didn't use it (Ganora, 2009, p. 8, 82). (Cinnamon)
Isoferulic acid:
Isoflavones: Depending on which ones, are only found in the Papilionoideae subfamily of the Fabaceae family. (Red Clover)
Isoleucine (Amino Acid, cyanogenic glycoside) is cyanogenic glycoside (Ganora, 2009, p. 104). This means too much is toxic. (Comfrey)
Isoquinoline Alkaloids are generally soluble in moderate to high alcohol though berberine is highly water-soluble (Ganora, 2009, p. 47). On page 159-60, she goes into the structure. This class is either medicinal or pshychotropic, some plant being used as poison on arrows.
Isovitexin:
Kaempferol (3,5,7,4-tetrahydroxyflavone) (Flavonoids): responsible for eliminating free radicals in plants caused by UV radiation of the sun (Ganora, p 120). (Cinnamon, Marshmallow, Passionflower, Red Clover)
Lectins (Glycoproteins) are proteins that bind sugar and precipitate some molecules. Hoffman's exact words are they cause "agglutination of cells". Agglutination means it causes clumping in red blood cells. Under a section on mistletoe, he mentions studies show this can actually damage the membrane of cancer cells and lead to apoptosis. They can also impair growth, cause diarrhea, and prevent absorption of nutrients. There are many forms of lectin and not all are safe. Ricin is a lectin. (Hoffman. 2003, p. 153, 164, 206). (European Elder)
Lignans tend to have antibacterial, antifungal, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-viral, and antifeedant properties (Hoffman, 2003, p. 112-4, 143, 175; Petersen 2018, p. 169). (Blessed Thistle, Burdock, Eleuthero, Flaxseed)
Lime can contain furanocoumarins which can cause a poison-ivy-like rash. (Ganora, 2009, p. 111)
Limonene (Volatile oil): This is the main constituent in oils from citrus fruits. It has expectorant and sedative activities. It has the potential to prevent pancreatic and breast cancer. it can be used to dissolve gallstones. There is potential for this to irritate the skin if sensitives are present (Hoffman, 2003, p. 63-4). (Buchu, Lavender)
Linalool (Volatile oil) can be used as an antiseptic, sedative and is fungistatic. It can be found in perfumes (Hoffman, 2003, p. 64). (Lavender, Licorice, Yarrow)
Linoleic (Fatty acids) is an unsaturated straight-chain acid with two unsaturated bonds. Ganora adds this is an essential fatty acid as it is a source for omega-6. Linoleic acid is often seen as LA. This is also a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). It is found in most dietary oils such as sunflower, hempseed, corn, soybean, cottonseed, peanut, and canola (Hoffman, 2003, p. 56; Ganora, 2009, p. 64, 85, 86, 87, 88). (European Elder)
Linolenic (Fatty acids) is an unsaturated straight-chain acid with three unsaturated bonds (Hoffman, 2003, p. 56). (European Elder)
Lipids are primarily only soluble in alcohol (best used as a tincture rather than a tea). This group is so vast, it gets a whole chapter in Hoffman which means I don't think it can be broken down to only one action or so. They are part of all biological membranes, provide fuel and store energy, store vitamins and hormones, provide immunological coatings for cells, provide water-proof coatings, and carry vitamins such as A, D, E, and K in the blood. Yes, these are fat cells but this proves why some fat is needed (Hoffman, 2003, p. 54-61, 166). (Fenugreek, Ginger)
Lithospermic (Phenolic Acid): is found in roots in the Boraginaceae family and potentially has contraceptive properties (Hoffman, 2003, p. 93). (Comfrey)
Liquirtigenin is antibacterial, antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory (Ganora, 2009, p. 67, 119).
Liquiritin (Isoflavones): Liquiritin is the glycoside form of liquirtigenin. It is antibacterial, antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory (Ganora, 2009, p. 67, 119). (Licorice)
Lupulinic acid: anti-bacterial
Luteolin is exuded from many leaves. He doesn't list any actions with it but that's okay (Hoffman, 2003, p. 106). (Licorice, Passionflower)
Luteolin glycosides:
Lycopsamine (pyrrolizidine alkaloids) is a mutagen and a pyrrolizidine monoester which is more present in young leaves than old leaves (Ganora, 2009, p. 72, 158, 159). (Comfrey)
Lysine (Amino Acid): Lysine is used to treat cold sores. I know the index says it's in Ganora and I'm leaving the reference here in case I find the correct page in the future but It's not on the page it says it is (Ganora, 2009, p. 162). (Comfrey, Fenugreek)
Maltol:
Mannite can be found as manna or mannitol. It is found in kelp and some edible Ash. It treats constipation and stimulates the gallbladder (Ganora, 2009, p. 76). (Bladderwrack)
Martairesinol (Lignan) is not oil-soluble (Ganora, 2009, p. 66, 112). (Burdock)
Menthol (Volatile oil) is an inhalant used for bronchial symptoms as well as nasal congestion. It is a carminative and gastric sedative when used internally. Externally used, it's antipruritic, analgesic, and antiseptic. In rare cases, it can cause reactions such as contact dermatitis (a rash) (Hoffman, 2003, p. 64).
Methionine (Amino Acid) is an amino acid that contains sulfur (Ganora, 2009, p. 11). (Comfrey)
Minerals: This just means the plant/herb is a good source of at least one mineral. Common minerals are iron, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium. These are listed below in further detail, including which herbs have which minerals. (Fenugreek, Red Clover)
Monomer is the form glucose takes in homo- and heteropolysaccharides. By looking at all these individual entries in here, it looks like monomers are the sugars and fibers in various forms (Ganora, 2009, p. 74, 76, 77, 78, 121, 123).
Monomeric Proanthocyanidins are proanthocyanidins that turn into some form of sugar when we consume them. (Cinnamon)
Monoterpene cineole: Ganora says this is another name for 1,8-cineole so please see that entry for information on this constituent (Ganora, 2009, p. 135).
Mucilage are primarily demulcents and emollients. Their slimy coating soothes and protects exposed/irritated surfaces in the gastrointestinal tract. They are great for treating ulcers and can't be digested so they are great for bowel movements. Small quantities even absorb excess water in the colon. These should be prepared as needed rather than stored (Hoffman, 2003, p. 50-1, 226). (Burdock, Comfrey, Fenugreek, Flaxseed, Marshmallow, Slippery Elm)
Mucopolysaccarides (Proteoglycans), often classified as glycoproteins, their carbohydrate chain is called glycosaminoglycns. These often have sulfate groups and can lead to the amino groups that make up glucosamine (Hoffman, 2003, p. 47). (Bladderwrack)
Oleanic Acid (Triterpenoid saponin aglycones) is chemoprotective, anticarcinigenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and hepaprotective (Ganora, 2009, p. 46, 69, 141). (European elder)
Oleoresins are preparations of volatile oils and resins with a menstruum of acetone, ether or alcohol. Hoffman says turpentine is a natural oleoresin. The other classification of these is prepared which uses one of the solvents mentioned here and percolates until the solvent is gone (Hoffman, 2003, p. 86-7). (Ginger)
Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins: (OPCs) are antioxidants that are protective of the vascular system. they trap specific free radicals, trap lipid peroxides and the cause of their formation, delay onset of lipid peroxidation, prevent iron-induced lipid peroxidation, Inhibit production of free radicals, and inhibit the degradation of connective tissue structures (Hoffman, 2003, p. 112, 295). (Cinnamon)
Organic acids are generally water-soluble but more so in the neutral to basic range (Ganora, 2009, p. 42, 44, 63, 73, 74, 81, 82, 83). (Burdock)
Oxalates are a form of oxalic acid. It's an organic acid that comes in insoluble form as calcium salt or potassium salt. In high amounts, they can be toxic because they reduce the bio-availability of minerals. These can cause kidney stones but simply avoiding them is not the answer as many things can cause this. Plants that are considered high in oxalates are yellow dock, lamb's quarters, amaranth, pigweed greens, rhubarb leaves, Oxalis spp., skunk cabbage, and Jack-in-the-pulpit (Ganora, p. 82-3). (Yellow Dock)
P-coumeric acid (polyphenolic acid) is apparently quite prolific in the plant world. It is antifungal and antihepatoxic. It may have some cytotoxicity (Hoffman, 2003, p. 94). (Marshmallow)
Palmitic Acid (Fixed Oil) is an unsaturated straight-chain acid with one unsaturated bond. Ganora adds this is a source of Omega-7. She lists this fat under saturated fats. I didn't think this was possible, but she explains this constituent acts as both depending on the situation (Hoffman, 2003, p. 56; Ganora, 2009, p. 64, 86, 87, 93, 94). (European Elder)
Pectin (heteropolysaccharide) is a "linear polysaccharide" which contains primarily D-galacturonic acid. They are in apples and citrus fruits primarily and become gelatinous. Pectin has been used in the treatment of diarrhea with other things as well as cholesterol, and as an antithombotic. It may help with colorectal cancer (Hoffman, 2003, p. 47). Pectin is used to make jelly. (Burdock, European Elder, Marshmallow)
Pelargonidin (Flavonoid, Anthocyanidin/Anthocyanin) is antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and carcinostatic (Ganora, 2009, p. 66, 117). (Cinnamon)
Perillyl alcohol (POH): for cancer (Ulbricht, 2010, p. 466). (Lavender)
Phenolic is a molecule with an aromatic ring (Hoffman, 2003, p. 40). (Bladderwrack)
Phenolic acids are best described as antimicrobial in the urinary tract and anti-inflammatory. All phenols are antimicrobial and were first used as antiseptics (Hoffman, 2003, p. 92). (Burdock, Chickweed, Comfrey, European Elder)
Phenolic compounds are compounds of simple phenols and polyphenols. They are found as glycosides which are more water-soluble than the other form which is aglycones. There is a list here of the various compounds and what their solubility is if it can be narrowed down to one solvent (Ganora, 2009, p. 45).
Phlorogucinol (Phenolic Compound), also called phenolic ketones, says examples of this are hyperforin and THC and are soluble in low-polarity solvents and solutions with a high percentage of EtOH. On page 67, she lists some derivatives and what their actions are. Since they are all different, I won't list them here but having the reference here is a good thing for finding this data when I need it later (Ganora, 2009, p. 45, 55, 67, 127). (Bladderwrack)
Phytoalexins: are formed by the plant in response to infection or infestation. (Red Clover)
Phytosterols: mean there is a hydroxyl group attached to the C3 and an extra methyl or ethyl in the side chain. This is what differentiates it from an animal sterol (phyto meaning plant). Ganora says these are soluble in oil. She says these are good for cholesterol, blood lipids, and reduce blood-soluble vitamins in the blood. These are good for enlarged prostates and some are anti-carcinogenic. These also are believed to be responsible for sexual and hormonal toning activities. The major phytosterols which may come up later are beta-sitosterol, campestrerol, and stigmasterol (Hoffman, 2003, p. 83, 143; Ganora, 2009, 44, 46, 64, 69, 91, 92, 134, 145). (Chickweed, Dandelion, Flaxseed, Licorice, Yarrow)
Polyacetylenes (Sesquiterpese lactone glycosides) are alcohol-solvent between 40-60% (Ganora, 2009, p. 44, 64, 85, 97, 98). Petersen (2018) adds they are anti-microbial (p. 169). (Blessed Thistle, Burdock)
Polysaccharides (mucilage) activate the macrophages which initiates the body’s defenses against pathogens and cancer cells (Hoffman, 2003, p. 544). (Comfrey, Licorice)
Polyenes are antifungal agents, also called antimycotic (Ganora, 2009, p. 97). (Blessed Thistle)
Potassium while not described in Ganora, is an essential mineral that most people notice a deficiency when they experience leg cramps. Consuming potassium-rich plants can improve health. I think there is a limit to how much is good but I can't recall off the top of my head (Ganora, 2009, p. 82, 142). (Cinnamon)
Proanthocyanidins are condensed tannins. If acids or enzymes are present, they are not water-soluble (Hoffman, 2003, p. 13, 114) (Cinnamon)
Proteins are building blocks of the body. Proteins are listed on many pages and have many functions in the body. These can be water-soluble but it depends on pH. They do break down over time in alcohol. (Ganora, 2009, p. 11, 22, 24, 45, 65, 77, 92, 101). Instead, I'm using my anatomy book. Proteins are the basic building blocks of the body and do so many things for us. Really, just listing "protein" isn't very helpful. Though, i felt the need to list this because there are many break-downs of types of proteins, such as amino acids. (Marieb and Hoehn, 2019, p. 48) The difference in the 2 sources, the first is in how the plant uses it, the second is how the human body uses it. Sometimes they differ. In this instance, they do not but the human body one was easier understood for those who don't have Ganora's book in front of them. (Comfrey, Flaxseed)
Proanthocyanidins are condensed tannins. If acids or enzymes are present, they are not water-soluble. These are antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective (Hoffman, 2003, p. 13, 114, Ganora, 2009, p. 66). (Cinnamon, Grape Seed, Hawthorn, Pine Bark)
Protopine (Alkaloid): is listed as an antispasmodic, sedative and anticholinergic (Ganora, 2009, p. 71). On page 160, Ganora adds antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective and anti-bacterial. (California poppy)
Pulegone (volatile oil): a mosquito and flea repellent but is toxic in cats so don't let your cats eat a plant containing this. There is also a possibility of it being hepatoxic (bad for the liver) so use with caution or as directed by a professional (Ganora, 2009, p. 135). (Buchu)
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: There are about 200 compounds that fall in this category due to structural similarities. They are distinguished by a fused 5-memberd ring with nitrogen in position 4, hydroxymethyl group in position 9 and a hydroxyl group in position 7 (structure is called a necine). A lot of these are toxic but not all (Hoffman, 2003, 123-4, 188, 202-3, 321, 586). (Comfrey)
Quercetin (Flavonoid): reduces allergy-induced inflammation, inhibits the growth of head and neck cancers, inhibits reverse transcriptase (Hoffman, 2003, p. 14). (Buchu, Cinnamon, European Elder, Marshmallow, Passionflower)
Racemoside (Triterpene glycosides):
Resins: are not water-soluble and need either alcohol or oil to extract the constituents. The older the sample, the harder it is to extract. (Eucalyptus, Red Clover)
Rosmarinic Acid (Phenolic Acids) is a phenylpropanoid dimer which comes from the rosemary plant but is found in other plants as well. There are quite a few in the Lamiaceae and Boraginaceae families, including thyme. This is a powerful antioxidant, preservative, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, and anti-allergic compound. (Ganora, 2009, p. 65, 109). This is one of the compounds in my Lamiaceae family paper from last semester (2) that gave the plants the ability to help fight off colds. This is water-soluble. (Comrey)
Rutin (Flavonoid): is an anti-inflammatory and loves to scavenge free-radicals. It helps strengthen blood vessels - specifically capillaries and veins. It is also antiviral and antibacterial (Hoffman, 2003, p. 105). (Buchu, European Elder, Eucalyptus, Passionflower)
Safrole (phenylpropanoid) is found in the essential oil. Some science claims this is carginogenic but when a sassafras tea with the constituent is consumed, it's not. The amount of the constituent probably plays a role here (Ganora, 2009, p. 109). (Sassafras, Nutmeg, Cinnamon, Basil)
Salicylic acid (polyphenolic acid) is an anti-inflammatory which a synthetic version is used in aspirin. This by itself can harm the stomach. (Ganora, 2009, p. 17, 19, 65, 107). (Flaxseed)
Sambunigrin (Cyanogenic Glycoside) accumulates in the leaves and bark of the elderberry plant. It can have toxic levels in the unripe berries. This includes the red-berry variety so cooking is needed. CAN have toxic levels doesn't mean DOES (Ganora, 2009, p. 105). (European elder)
Saponins can be antifertility, antihepatoxic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, capillary strengthening, cytotoxic, antitumor, insecticidal, antifeedant, molluscicidal, piscicidal, and plant growth inhibitors. These are listed under the heading "General Properties of Steroidal Saponins" (Hoffman, 2003, p. 81). (Fenugreek)
Saponin glycosides: Saponins are toxic to cold-blooded animals. They generally occur in plants as glycosides. They are non-toxic to humans. Saponin glycosides are either triterpenoid (30 carbons) or steroidal (27 carbons). I think based on the reading, writing saponin glycoside is the same as writing saponin. These also tend to foam up like soap. It allows the more oily constituents to dissolve in water and vice versa. This constituent can be adaptogenic or antiarthritic (Hoffman, 2003, p. 49, 200; Ganora, 2009, 141). (Chickweed)
Scopoletin (coumarin) is common in the Nightshade family, poppies and grapefruit (Ganora, 2009, p. 65, 110). (Marshmallow)
Sesamin (Lignans): has antihypertensive, cardioprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective properties and helps protect the skin from UV rays (Ganora, 2009, p. 112). (Eleuthero (Siberian Ginseng))
Sesquiterpene lactones: these can kill sheep and goats - are highly irritating to their nose, eyes, and gastrointestinal tracts. Other lactones break down the toxins through metabolism. These can help with cancer but can also be cytotoxic so they are often avoided (Hoffman, 2003, p. 70, 174, 199, 370). (Burdock, Yarrow)
Sesquiterpenes: Constituents are often classified based on structure and this particular one makes that hard... There are over 200 structure types. The 3 main structures are acyclic, monocytclic, and bicyclic. Some of these act as pheromones for communication between plants. Some provide a defensive role (Hoffman, 2003, p. 67). (Burdock)
Shogoals (Oleoresin) are what gingerols turn into once the root is dried. These are anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and stimulate circulation (Ganora, 2009, p. 49, 113, 114). (Ginger)
Sodium (Bromine Compounds) is in this book to discuss solubility of other substances (Ganora, 2009, p. 82, 142). While important, the importance of sodium in the body is often over looked. Sodium is needed in almost every cell in the body. People run into problems with sodium because they are not properly absorbing it. Malabsorption of this vital nutrient needs to be addressed for proper health. (Bladderwrack)
Starch is in some algae and all "higher" plants. Both categories of starch in plants are water-soluble (Hoffman, 2003, p. 44). (Licorice, Slippery Elm)
Steroidal saponins are structured like triterpenoids but with 4 rings. These are used as detergents and re in fire extinguishers and fish poisons but are safe for human consumption. They share many of the properties of the higher level, saponins (Hoffman, 2003, p. 81). (Comfrey)
Sterols (Aglycone Glycosides) are often used to imply phytosterols in these books. They need to be careful, though because sterols are found in animals while the same molecule can be called a phytosterol because it is found in a plant. calling it a sterol when it's in a plant can cause confusion (Ganora, 2009, p. 92, 93). (European Elder, Eleuthero)
Stigmasterol (Phytosterols), found in higher plants, is vital in the structure of cell membranes (Hoffman, 2003, p. 84, 143; Ganora, 2009, p. 69, 145). (Dandelion, Soybeans)
Sugars:
Sucrose (Sugars):
Symlandine (pyrrolizidine alkaloids) is a mutagen and a pyrrolizidine monoester which is more present in young leaves than old leaves (Ganora, 2009, p. 72, 158, 159). (Comfrey)
Symphytine (pyrrolizidine alkaloids): can be hepatoxic (Hoffman, 2003, p. 124). (Comfrey)
Tannins: can damper some of the harsher effects of some constituents but excessive use of them can cause certain cancers. In lab studies, they can inhibit fungi, yeast, bacteria and viruses. They do inhibit some other cancers and are antioxidants. There are different kinds of tannins so the risks vary. They are present in plants to protect them in various ways, depending on location (Hoffman, 2003, p. 114-117, 201). (Blessed Thistle, Burdock, Comfrey, European Elder, Eucalyptus, Marshmallow, Slippery Elm, Yarrow, Yellow Dock)
Thujone (Volatile oil) may cause convulsions if ingested. Thankfully, he adds 30mg/kg of weight is a toxic level and this is cumulative so ingesting this could be a bad thing. It also causes lesions in the brain's cortex. He does point out if you make a tea (water extract), you won't get the toxic dose. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 66, 199, 530). (Yarrow)
Trace metals means while the plant doesn't absorb a lot of a particular metal, it does absorb enough to provide the human body with the trace amount it needs. In commercial products, trace amount refers to that less than 2% in the product which is not normally reported because they are not legally bound to do so. (Bladderwrack)
Triterpenes are oil-soluble as well as high percentage alcohol soluble. These tend to make great essential oils and are used for steam therapies, like making a peppermint oil and using that to help with congestion through steam, as an example. Reading this section, this can get pretty complicated so I'll only add a bit more if requested. While most triterpenes are NOT water soluble, the glycoside triterpenoids are which is why it's important to know which is which. (Ganora, 2009, p. 45, 46, 68, 134, 140, 141, 142, 144). (Comfrey, European Elder, Yarrow)
Triterpene glycosides:
Triterpenoid saponins have 30 carbons with 3-5 sugars attached and are generally anti0inflammatory while some are adaptogenic. they can also be antioxidant and vascular toning (Hoffman, 2003, p. 79; Ganora, 2009, 142). (Chickweed)
Tryptophan (amino acid) is the stuff in our thanksgiving turkey dinner that puts us in a coma after eating... LOL The reason for this is tryptophan is a mild sedative that relaxed the consumer (Ganora, 2009, p. 33). (Comfrey, Fenugreek)
Ursolic Acid (Triterpenoid saponin aglycones) is chemoprotective, anticarcinigenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and hepaprotective (Ganora, 2009, p. 46, 69, 141). (European Elder, Lavender)
Umbelliferone (Coumarins) is antifungal and antibacterial. It also absorbs UV rays so it's in lotions and sun screen (Hoffman, 2003, p. 96). (Lavender)
Valerianic ester (esters):
Vanillic acid (polyphenolic acid) is anti-fungal is found in small amounts in the plants it's in (Hoffman, 2003, p. 93). (Marshmallow)
Vitamins: This just means the plant/herb is a good source of at least one vitamin. Common vitamins are A, B, C, D, and K.
Vitexin:
Violaxanthin (Carotenoids, Xanthophylls): Violaxanthin is yellow and common. This constituent inhibits the virus that activates Epstein-Barr and promotes an anti-tumor effect and is also an antioxidant. It accumulates in ovarian tissue. This and other xanthophylls have been found to reverse drug resistance in breast cancer and enhance chemotherapy drugs (Ganora, 2009, p. 25, 69, 149). (Dandelion)
Volatile oil: Volatile just means they evaporate more quickly than other substances (Ganora, 2009, p. 52, 57, 61, 134, 139). If it says "volatile", you want to use the plant as fresh as possible and try not to warm it up in any way. (Bladderwrack, Burdock, Comfrey, Eucalyptus, Fenugreek, Ginger, Licorice, Kelp, Red Clover, Yarrow)
Xanthophylis – oxygenated carotenoids: Ganora says all of these are oil-soluble and need to be taken with some form of fatty food to be absorbed by the body. This word means “yellow leaf” but the color can range into the orange and red area. These carotenoids contain either hydroxyl, ketone or epoxide groups in their rings. These are significant antioxidants and improve lung function and protect against macular degeneration (Ganora, 2009, p. 69, 148-9). (Cayenne)
Zingiberene (Sesquiterpene) has carminative properties and is used for flavoring (Hoffman, 2003, p. 69). (Ginger)
Metals/Minerals
Calcium is known as for bone-building but is needed for much more in the body. In addition to your bones, it helps with nerve impulses, blood pressure, blood clotting, and muscle contraction. Too much calcium can cause loss of appetite, constipation, drowsiness, dry mouth, depression, high blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light, and irregular heart beat (FC&A Medical Publishing, p. 298-9). If you don't have enough for these functions, your body WILL pull calcium from your bones. Ganora just talks about solubility of this mineral but I'm leaving the pages here anyway (Ganora, 2009, p. 8, 78, 82, 83). (Chickweed, Cinnamon, Comfrey, Dandelion, Red Clover, Marshmallow)
Chlorine (Comfrey)
Cobalt: (Comfrey)
Copper (Chickweed, Red Clover)
Iodine (Bladderwrack)
Iron is a mineral that is vital for human health. While some don't know but most do, not having enough iron in the body will cause anemia. Too much is considered toxic. There must be a proper balance of this mineral in the body to maintain health. While Ganora mentions this mineral, she discusses blockers of it so I'm leaving the reference here even though I didn't use it (Ganora, 2009, p. 8, 82). (Chickweed, Cinnamon, Comfrey, Red Clover)
Lime: (Marshmallow)
Magnesium (Red Clover)
Manganese (Cinnamon)
Molybdenum (Red Clover)
Phospherous (Chickweed, Red Clover)
Potassium (Bladderwrack, Chickweed, Cinnamon, Comfrey, Dandelion)
Silica (Comfrey)
Sodium (Bladderwrack, Chickweed, Comfrey)
Strontium (Cinnamon)
Zinc (Chickweed)
Chlorine (Comfrey)
Cobalt: (Comfrey)
Copper (Chickweed, Red Clover)
Iodine (Bladderwrack)
Iron is a mineral that is vital for human health. While some don't know but most do, not having enough iron in the body will cause anemia. Too much is considered toxic. There must be a proper balance of this mineral in the body to maintain health. While Ganora mentions this mineral, she discusses blockers of it so I'm leaving the reference here even though I didn't use it (Ganora, 2009, p. 8, 82). (Chickweed, Cinnamon, Comfrey, Red Clover)
Lime: (Marshmallow)
Magnesium (Red Clover)
Manganese (Cinnamon)
Molybdenum (Red Clover)
Phospherous (Chickweed, Red Clover)
Potassium (Bladderwrack, Chickweed, Cinnamon, Comfrey, Dandelion)
Silica (Comfrey)
Sodium (Bladderwrack, Chickweed, Comfrey)
Strontium (Cinnamon)
Zinc (Chickweed)
Vitamins
Vitamin A (Chickweed, Comfrey, European Elder, Fenugreek, Red Clover)
Vitamin B (Chickweed, European Elder, Fenugreek, Red Clover)
Vitamin B3: This is also known as nicotinic acid or niacin. (Fenugreek)
Vitamin B12: (Comfrey)
Vitamin C: (Chickweed, Fenugreek)
Therapeutic Actions
|
Adaptogen can mean many things. In general, these herbs have their own properties but they also augment other properties in herbs making it a good companion herb in recipes. You do want to be careful on using these as a companion because I don’t think you’d want to boost things like diuretic, for example.
Adrenal agent can mean a few things. The simple definition is it helps the adrenal glands work better. If you are suffering from adrenal fatigue, this is a great property to use. If combined with a detoxing herb(s), this property can take on a whole new meaning of detoxing the adrenal glands. This would be like adding a laundry booster to your detergent in your dirty clothes. Adrenal would get them clean but adding a detox to this action would get them "squeaky clean". Alteratives: Blood cleaners (Griffin, 1997, p. 7). This means if you are having problems with absorbing nutrients these can help. They also eliminate metabolic waste which can make the body feel sluggish and low in energy. Analgesics are pain relievers (Griffin, 1997, p. 7). The most common pain treated is rheumatic pain because treating the symptom (pain) doesn't make the problem go away. These should be used on a temporary basis while the problem is being addressed to ease the sufferer. (Hoffman, 2003, 410) Anodyne just means pain relief. Antacids: Antiabortives: Anti-aging can mean a few things. Generally it helps keep a person looking young but some see this to mean it rebuilds the telomeres associated with aging. . Antiasthmatics: Anti-bacterial means it kills bacteria, generally associated with infections. Antibiotics: Inhibit the growth or destroy bacteria/viruses/fungi while boosting the immune system (Griffin, 1997, p. 7) Anticancer means it fights the spread of cancer. Also seen as anticarcinogenic. Anticarcinogenic means it fights the spread of cancer. Also seen as anti-cancer. Anticarcinogenesis is another way of saying anticancer. Anticatarrhals: eliminate/prevent the formation of excess mucous (Griffin, 1997, p. 7). Anticoagulant means it stops, prevents, or slows the formation of blood clots depending on the strength of the herb. Antidepressant just means it helps people deal with their depression. Antidiarrheal stops diarrhea (I know, self explanatory). This would likely be useful if you suffer irritable bowel syndrome. Antiemetic simply means it helps prevent nausea and vomiting, often used for motion sickness. Antifungal, also called fungicide, means it kills fungi. Antihepatoxic: This means it protects the liver from toxins that would otherwise have negative consequences. If taking an herb that has hepatoxic properties, adding an herb with this action to the recipe can counter that action and protect the liver from otherwise potential hazards. Also, if doing a cleanse or a detox, it's advisable to use an herb that is antihepatoxic because of the amount of toxins the liver will be exposed to. Antihypercholesterolemic means it works against things that raise cholesterol. Antihypothyroid is self explanatory in that if you have a hypothyroid, this is supposed to fix it. Anti-inflammatory is much more than "brings down inflammation". There are many things that cause inflammation: infection, auto-immune stimuli, or mechanical injury. As a result, you can't just use ANY anti-inflammatory. Understanding the nature of the inflammation is vital for proper treatment. It's important to remember inflammation is a SYMPTOM and anti-inflammatories should be taken with other things to address the root problem. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 158-9, 243, 247, 487-90) Anti-microbial encompasses all microbes, not just viral or bacterial. Antineoplastic can also be called anti-tumor as it inhibits or stops neoplasm which creates tumors. Antioxidant means it fights the oxidative effects within the body which cause free radicals. Anti-platelet aggregation is a fancy way of saying it reduces the chances of blood clots. There are many ways of saying this. Also seen as anticoagulant. Antipyretics: Reduce fever – these neutralize acidic blood to cool the body (Griffin, 1997, p. 7) Antirheumatic is obviously the ability to prevent, relieve or cure they symptoms of rheumatism. Hoffman points out here that these are symptoms, not the underlying cause. So, like with pain treatment, this is JUST treatment of the symptom. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 409, 493-494) Antiscorbutic means it works against scurvy. Antiseptics are used to prevent bacteria growth internally and externally. (Griffin, 1997, p. 7) Antispasmodics help with muscle cramps and spasms (Griffin, 1997, p. 7). Coughing is also a result of this spasm activity so a lot of these herbs are used to relieve cough. Hoffman likes to remind people that just because the cough is relieved doesn't mean the cause of the cough is gone. We should strive to fix the cause, not just the symptom. Often, the cough should be allowed to happen because the body clearly doesn't want something in there. Anti-ulcer (peptic) clearly helps with peptic ulcers. In some cases, they know what action makes this work, in others, they don't. An example of this working is coating it in mucous so it can heal. Anti-viral means it works against viruses, often the flu. Anxiolytic is another way of saying anti-anxiety. Aphrodisiacs: Astringents: These are great for swollen tonsils and hemorrhoids but they also dry up the mucous discharge. These treat the symptom, not the cause of the symptom. (Griffin, 1997, p. 8) Bitter: Somehow this is not already defined though I've talked about it. The title for the section of bitters is "Digestive System Tonics". One of the things these herbs that have a bitter taste do is stimulate the digestive system. Bitters actually have a whole-body effect as a classification. The taste buds trigger a response in the body (other than that shudder). Bitter herbs stimulate the appetite, the release of digestive juices, aid the liver in detoxing the body and increasing the flow of bile, help regulate pancreas hormones, and help the gut wall repair damage. They also help the heart and circulation. Some are even anti-depressants. Coffee is a bitter. You're welcome. For people like me who don't like bitter, the list above should be a thought-provoker in why we should "acquire the taste". (Hoffman, 2003, p. 243, 410, 498-501). Carminatives: relieve gas/intestinal stagnation, increase circulation (Griffin, 1997, p. 8) Cathartic means to accelerate defecation while laxatives ease that process. Cholagogues promote the flow of bile and stimulate appetite (Griffin, 1997, p. 8). Demulcents soothe inflamed tissue (Griffin, 1997, p. 8). These tend to be mucilaginous. Meaning they "lube" up the tissues to reduce the inflammation. This would be why 2 of the tinctures I did were so thick, they didn't want to strain well and were slimy to touch. Deobstruent helps with blockages in natural ducts. Depurative act as a detoxifier. They remove toxins, not just from the blood but from the body. Detergent: I can't find this in my books and that means it could mean many things. It could mean the root word of deter or it could mean it's a detoxifier in that the normal use of the word is a cleaner which traps dirt within itself and washes it away. This probably means it creates suds when shaken. Detoxifying: Essentially, the food we eat, the environment we live in (not just during these modern days) have things in there our body can't process or use. These things may cause harm if left in the body so a form of detox is needed. The body does this naturally but some herbs help with this process. There are also modified genes these days that interfere with these actions so detox, bitter, tonic, and diuretics may be your friend based on what is needed. Diaphoretics: Served as a warm tea, they promote sweating, Served cold, they act as diuretics. These focus on the respiratory system, including sinuses. There are 2 types: Stimulating drain the lymphatic system to target those swollen glands. Relaxing reduces fevers and skin toxins. They help with acute symptoms. (Griffin, 1997, p. 8) Digestants: Diuretics increase urination by helping elimination through the kidneys and bladder. They help eliminate toxins from the blood and reduce edema and swelling from the waist down (Griffin, 1997, p. 9). Emmenagogues: Promotes menstrual flow and healthy menstrual function. There are 3 types: warming helps with dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, anxiety, cramps and pain. Cooling help calm excited, emotional, and irritable conditions. Tonic builds blood and promotes sexual function (Griffin, 1997, p. 9). Emollients soften and sooth the skin. (Griffin, 1997, p. 9) Expectorants are the ones that make you cough up and spit out mucous. This includes mucous from the sinuses, lungs and stomach. (Griffin, 1997, p. 9) The cough itself is relieved by antispasmodics but this is why you want to think before taking cough medicine. The body wants to get rid of that mucous for a reason. Febrifuge is the same as saying antipyretic. It brings the body temperature down. Fungicide, also called antifungal, means it kills fungi. Galactogogue is something all pending mothers should be interested in. This is the action that stimulates the production of breast milk (Griffin, 1997, p. 10). If you have a baby coming, I did a paper on the benefits of breast milk with the baby's gut. If you can't breastfeed, I addressed that in my paper as well but this would be a great option if you are afraid of poor milk supply. Hemostatics: Stop hemorrhaging and are classified as astringents (Griffin, 1997, p. 10) Hepatics are good for the kidneys. Hypertensive means it raises blood pressure. Hypnotic and tranquilizing are the same thing, just means relaxing. Hypotensive means it lowers blood pressure. Hoffman has a list of these herbs so here is the reference and I'll add a list later if I don't have one up yet (Hoffman, 2003, p. 516). Immunomodulatory (also seen as immune modulating) means it controls the immune system function of one or more areas of the body. Hoffman said (2003) on page 443, that this and immunostimulant are often used interchangeably which is incorrect. Immunomodulatory can also depress the immune function where needed. Immunostimulant means it fortifies the immune system. Laxatives: There are 3 kinds. Stimulants promote bile and increase digestion. Basically, your stomach works better so the stuff comes out of you correctly. Lithotriptics dissolve kidney and/or gallstones. Lubricants moisten the system and help firm things up for expulsion (without being gross). (Griffin, 1997, p. 10) Mucilage are primarily demulcents and emollients. Their slimy coating soothes and protects exposed/irritated surfaces in the gastrointestinal tract. They are great for treating ulcers and can't be digested so they are great for bowel movements. Small quantities even absorb excess water in the colon. These should be prepared as needed rather than stored (Hoffman, 2003, p. 50-1, 226). Nervines: These calm and nourish the nervous system, promote mental clarity, and relieve spasms, pain and congestion. There are 2 types: warming helps with chronic issues, insomnia being a good example. Cooling helps with anger, hypertension, and migraines (Griffin, 1997, p. 10). Neuroprotective generally means it protects the cells of the nervous system, not just those of the brain. Nutritive is also self-explanatory. These herbs supply vitamins and minerals the body needs for optimal health. Many prefer to take the vitamin they buy in the store but what else is in there? This would be the better option if it's available to you. Oxytonics: Parasiticides: Pectoral means "relating to the chest" which probably means in this case, it's good for the respiratory system and other chest-related things such as the heart. This is just a guess until I find a reliable source. Phytoestrogenic is a plant-based estrogen. This is why it's recommended for menopausal treatments. As always, some plants are more effective than others. Purgatives: irritants and weaken the digestive system, tone the bowel system with prolonged use (Griffin, 1997, p. 11). Obviously, these are great for those rare occasions when vomiting is a needed action. Refrigerant probably refers to the cooling nature of the herb. This is something which refers to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). TCM believes like things heal. So, if you have a "cold" problem, you use a "cold" herb. This was explained to me really well by a teacher last semester who uses it in his practice. Hot and cold are the two most common but there are others - stimulant and relaxant, for example. Rejuvenatives: Rubefacients: Increase surface blood flow and red blood cell production. These help with arthritis, rheumatism, aches, and pains (Griffin, 1997,p. 11) Sedative is also self-explanatory. It helps you relax, perhaps even sleep. These are great when you are stressed. Some can be abused so it's better to find an activity that enhances this feeling but the herbs are available if needed. Sialagogues: Increases digestion of starches by increasing saliva (Griffin, 1997, p. 11). Spasmolytic is another way of saying antispasmodic. Spermicidal means it's like a natural morning-after pill. Obviously, don't use if trying to get pregnant. This kills sperm. Stimulant is an "action that quickens and enlivens the physiological activity of the body". These can target particular parts of the body or systems such as the circulatory, reproductive, cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory, urinary, musculoskeletal, nervous and skin. Even bitters can be stimulants. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 345, 519-21). Stomachic is another way of saying it helps stimulate the digestive system. Styptic is similar to astringent but it causes contraction in tissues and canals. Tonics: called "nutritive" and clean the blood in a way that helps the body harmonize (Griffin, 1997, p. 11). They help the lymphatic system work better as well. I think they are considered nutritive because when you have a bunch of crud trolling your system, it's difficult to absorb the nutrients your body requires. If you clean up your system a bit, the body can better absorb those things it requires. Tranquilizing and hypnotic are the same thing, just means relaxing. Vulneraries promote cell growth/repair (griffin, 1997, p. 11). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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