Constituents
Acetylenic compounds:
Achillein:
Achilleic acid:
Actein (Triterpene glycosides):
Allantoin: promotes the formation of granulation tissue and callus
Alkaloids are defined by Hoffman as "organic compounds with at least one nitrogen atom in the heterocyclic ring". This is the ONLY thing they all have in common. They are not usually soluble in water, nor are their salts. Most are also alkaline (Hoffman, 2003, p. 120-133, 152).
Alpha-lineic Acid (ALA) (Fixed oil) is anti-inflammatory. This is a PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid). The body converts about 5-10% of ALA consumed to EPA which is eicosapentaenoic acid and about 1% to DHA which is docosahexaenoic acid. Omega-6 can suppress this (Ganora, 2009, p. 64, 85, 87, 88).
Amino Acid (Protein) can be very water soluble. The issue here is amino acids vary greatly on pH. Some are water soluble, some are alcohol soluble. Temperature can also have an effect. (Ganora, 2009, 12, 21, 44, 45, 65, 101, 103, 104, 107, 114, 133, 154).
Anthraquinone Glycosides are laxatives that stimulate in the large intestines. Higher doses can cause nausea, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, dizziness, abdominal pain, and kidney damage so it is very important to not exceed the recommended dosage. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 201)
Apigenin (Flavonoid), occasionally on leaves and in ferns, has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, diuretic, and hypotensive properties (Hoffman, 2003, p. 106).
Asparagine is an anti-inflammatory substance.
Aucubin (Glycosides):
Azulene:
Biochanin (isoflavones): phytoestrogenic
Borneol (Volatile oil) is used mainly to make esters, used in cosmetics. It can also be found in some perfumes and can be toxic to the nervous system of mammals (Hoffman, 2003, p. 64).
Bornyl acetate (esters): sedative
Bornyl formate (esters):
Bornyl isovalerianate (esters):
C-glycosides:
Caffeic Acid (Phenolic Acids): it has antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and cardioprotective properties (Ganora, 2009, p. 108). It adds synergy for antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects in herbs such as echinacea.
Calcium is known as for bone-building but is needed for much more in the body. In addition to your bones, it helps with nerve impulses, blood pressure, blood clotting, and muscle contraction. Too much calcium can cause loss of appetite, constipation, drowsiness, dry mouth, depression, high blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light, and irregular heart beat (FC&A Medical Publishing, p. 298-9). If you don't have enough for these functions, your body WILL pull calcium from your bones. Ganora just talks about solubility of this mineral but I'm leaving the pages here anyway (Ganora, 2009, p. 8, 78, 82, 83)
Californine (Alkaloid):
Camphor can irritate the skin. It is also a rubefacient. It cools the skin and has anesthetic and antipruritic actions. Hoffman says here this is used as a moth repellent and having worked with this, I can believe it! It's also used as a preservative in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 65, 86) I have used this to help with sinus issues. My recipe was equal parts camphor, menthol crystals and eucalyptus leaves. Put in how water, inhale the steam. Clears you right up!
Carbohydrates are very water-soluble. They evaporate from alcohol and most are oil-phobic (Ganora, 2009, p. 44, 49, 63, 73).
Carboxylic acids: This is almost all biological acids. These are considered "weak" acids and citric acid is one that is known in this category. These are generally water-soluble. (Ganora, 2009, 17, 19)
Carotenoids are lipid-soluble (fat-soluble) pigments which are found in every plant. In animals, this becomes Vitamin A. As Vitamin A, these are radical scavengers. (word is potentially related to carrot?) (Hoffman, 2003, p. 85, 168)
Cellulose consists primarily of glucose. They are not water-soluble (Hoffman, 2003, p. 44).
Chamazulene (Volatile Oil) has anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic properties (Hoffman, 2003, p. 68).
Chlorogenic acid (Phenolic Acids) is found in coffee and is responsible for its anti-diabetic activity. It "slows intestinal absorption of glucose", "decreases the liver's output of glucose" and strengthens the pancreas in the way the beta cells work. (Ganora, 2009, p. 65, 108). What all this means is you can drink coffee WITHOUT the added sweeteners and it can even be decaf and it will help with your diabetes. This actually makes sense to me (and Ganora mentions studies where this is proven) because coffee is a bitter.
Choline: While Ganora says it's on that page, I don't see it there. (Ganora, 2009, p. 93). I looked it up on Dr. Axe and he gives it an easy-to-understand run-down. The liver can create some of this micronutrient it needs more from food. It is used by the liver, brain, nervous system, and the metabolism.
Cimicifugoside (Triterpene glycosides):
Cimifugine (Triterpene glycosides):
Cimiracemosides (Triterpene glycosides):
Cineol (Volatile oil) is anti-bacterial and is effective against gram-positive organisms. It is also anti-fungal and cytotoxic against cancer in humans such as hepatocellular carcinoma and breast adenocarcinoma MCF7. (Ganora, 2009, p. 135) Ganora listed 4 viruses it knocks out pretty easily but I don't want spelling errors. Essentially it beats up the flu and pneumonia.
Coumarin is hepatoxic is rats and dogs but not humans.
Coumarin derivatives:
Coumarins inhibit aggression but are considered weak. They are phytoestrogenic.
Coumestrol (Coumarin): phytoestrogenic
Cyanogenic glycosides (C-glycosides) (Amino Acid): These are composed of a sugar moiety, 2 variable R groups, and a nitrile group. They are also derived of various amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine. These are bitter compounds that can be toxic but humans do not complete absorption of them. We are able to digest a very small amount as a result. These are more soluble in hot water or hot alcohol.
Diosmin:
Diosphenol:
Echimidine (pyrrolizidine alkaloids) is a pyrrolizidine diester (Ganora, 2009, p. 72, 159).
Emodin (Anthraquinone Glycosides): All Hoffman says on this one is it is in Rumex and Rheum species and some lichen. (p. 98)
Essential Oils are steam soluble. These are often the active compounds in the plant but even more so, they are often needed to activate the other constituents of the plant for a synergistic effect (Ganora, 2009, p. 19, 43, 45, 46, 51, 68 ,109, 134, 137, 139)
Fatty acids: are vital to the body for lipids and Vitamin F which builds and maintains cell membranes (Hoffman, 2003, p. 54-7). Basically, any decent plant-based fat will have this as a constituent and possibly be broken down into the various forms of fat.
Fixed Oils are soluble in dietary oils and slightly soluble in ethanol. Examples are omega-3s, EFAs, PUFAs, DHA, and EPA which can be found in olive oil, palm, oil, hempseed oil, walnut oil, avocado oil, flax oil, almond oil and coconut oil (Ganora, 2009, p. 44, 45, 46, 47, 64, 85).
Flavonoids: (I feel like I've discussed this one before, recently) all polyphenolic plant pigments of a specific structure. There are over 4,000 of them. These are broken down into categories: Catechins, dihydrochalones, chalones, flavanones (dihydroflavones), flavones, isoflavones, anthocyanides, aurones, flavanols, and flavonols. This general proprty is immunomodulatory due to antioxidant/free-radical scavenging ability. (Hoffman, 2006, p. 100-102, 152, 167, 170, 174)
Formononetin (isoflavones): phytoestrogenic
Fructose (polysaccharide, mucilage): is a natural sweetener found in some soft drinks. This is listed under the heading of foods that can cause gas. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 263)
Genistein (isoflavones): phytoestrogenic
Glycosides: are compounds that contain a sugar unit attached to a non-carbohydrate molecule (aglycone). The sugar makes them easier to absorb, making to aglycone more bioavailable than others. They are categorized by the sugar, aglycone, or the link between the 2. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 41, 48, 199)
Glycyrrhizin (saponin):
Gum:
Gynocardin (Cyanogenic glycosides):
Harman (Indole alkaloids) depresses motor function in animal testing (Hoffman, 2003, p. 128).
Harmaline (Indole alkaloids) has entheogenic properties, used to treat parkinson's at one time (Hoffman, 2003, p. 128).
Harmine (Indole alkaloids) stimulates the nervous system and can cause convulsions at high doses (Hoffman, 2003, p. 128).
Harmol (Indole Alkaloid): Ganora has these (all the harm(...) constituents) listed as simple beta-carboline alkaloids which falls under indole alkaloids. There is no further information on it. (Ganora, 2009, p. 70)
Hesperidin (Flavonoid): raises HDL cholesterol and lowers LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. It is also anti-inflammatory and analgesic. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 14)
Humulene: anti-bacterial
Indole alkaloids (Alkaloid) are the second largest group of alkaloids. The majority are derived from tryptophan. They can be hallucinogenic or poisonous, strychnine comes from this group. These compounds are used in treating Hodgkin's disease, lymphosarcoma, and reticulum cell sarcoma (cancers) (Hoffman, 2003, p. 127-30, 204).
Inulins are composed mainly of fructose. They are found in many foods, including the processed food created by the industry. They ferment in the colon for that healthy microbiome. They are antitumor, anitmicrobial, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antiosteoprotic, improve mineral absorption and balance. Some of these have alack of enough studies to fully state they are FACT but these are traditional uses. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 45)
Isoferulic acid:
Isoflavones: Depending on which ones, are only found in the Papilionoideae subfamily of the Fabaceae family.
Isoleucine (Amino Acid, cyanogenic glycoside) is cyanogenic glycoside (Ganora, 2009, p. 104). This means too much is toxic.
Isovitexin:
Kaempferol (3,5,7,4-tetrahydroxyflavone) (Flavonoids): responsible for eliminating free radicals in plants caused by UV radiation of the sun. (Ganora, p 120)
Lignans tend to have antibacterial, antifungal, and antifeedant properties (Hoffman, 2003, p. 112-4, 143, 175).
Lime can contain furanocoumarins which can cause a poison-ivy-like rash. (Ganora, 2009, p. 111)
Limonene (Volatile oil): This is the main constituent in oils from citrus fruits. It has expectorant and sedative activities. It has the potential to prevent pancreatic and breast cancer. it can be used to dissolve gallstones. There is potential for this to irritate the skin if sensitives are present. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 63-4)
Linalool (Volatile oil) can be used as an antiseptic, sedative and is fungistatic. It can be found in perfumes (Hoffman, 2003, p. 64).
Linoleic (Fatty acids):
Linolenic (Fatty acids):
Lipids are primarily only soluble in alcohol (best used as a tincture rather than a tea). This group is so vast, it gets a whole chapter in Hoffman which means I don't think it can be broken down to only one action or so. They are part of all biological membranes, provide fuel and store energy, store vitamins and hormones, provide immunological coatings for cells, provide water-proof coatings, and carry vitamins such as A, D, E, and K in the blood. Yes, these are fat cells but this proves why some fat is needed. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 54-61, 166)
Lithospermic (Phenolic Acid): is found in roots in the Boraginaceae family and potentially has contraceptive properties (Hoffman, 2003, p. 93).
Lupulinic acid: anti-bacterial
Luteolin is exuded from many leaves. He doesn't list any actions with it but that's okay (Hoffman, 2003, p. 106).
Luteolin glycosides:
Lycopsamine (pyrrolizidine alkaloids) is a mutagen and a pyrrolizidine monoester which is more present in young leaves than old leaves (Ganora, 2009, p. 72, 158, 159).
Lysine (Amino Acid): Lysine is used to treat cold sores. I know the index says it's in Ganora and I'm leaving the reference here in case I find the correct page in the future but It's not on the page it says it is (Ganora, 2009, p. 162).
Maltol:
Martairesinol (Lignan) is not oil-soluble (Ganora, 2009, p. 66, 112).
Menthol (Volatile oil) is an inhalant used for bronchial symptoms as well as nasal congestion. It is a carminative and gastric sedative when used internally. Externally used, it's antipruritic, analgesic, and antiseptic. In rare cases, it can cause reactions such as contact dermatitis (a rash) (Hoffman, 2003, p. 64).
Methionine (Amino Acid) is an amino acid that contains sulfur (Ganora, 2009, p. 11).
Minerals: This just means the plant/herb is a good source of at least one mineral. Common minerals are iron, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium.
Mucilage are primarily demulcents and emollients. Their slimy coating soothes and protects exposed/irritated surfaces in the gastrointestinal tract. They are great for treating ulcers and can't be digested so they are great for bowel movements. Small quantities even absorb excess water in the colon. These should be prepared as needed rather than stored. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 50-1, 226)
Organic acids are generally water-soluble but more so in the neutral to basic range (Ganora, 2009, p. 42, 44, 63, 73, 74, 81, 82, 83).
Oxalates are a form of oxalic acid. It's an organic acid that comes in insoluble form as calcium salt or potassium salt. In high amounts, they can be toxic because they reduce the bio-availability of minerals. These can cause kidney stones but simply avoiding them is not the answer as many things can cause this. Plants that are considered high in oxalates are yellow dock, lamb's quarters, amaranth, pigweed greens, rhubarb leaves, Oxalis spp., skunk cabbage, and Jack-in-the-pulpit. (Ganora, p. 82-3)
P-coumeric acid (polyphenolic acid) is apparently quite prolific in the plant world. It is antifungal and antihepatoxic. It may have some cytotoxicity (Hoffman, 2003, p. 94).
Pectin (heteropolysaccharide) is a "linear polysaccharide" which contains primarily D-galacturonic acid. They are in apples and citrus fruits primarily and become gelatinous. Pectin has been used in the treatment of diarrhea with other things as well as cholesterol, and as an antithombotic. It may help with colorectal cancer (Hoffman, 2003, p. 47). Pectin is used to make jelly.
Perillyl alcohol (POH): for cancer
Phenolic acids are best described as antimicrobial in the urinary tract and anti-inflammatory. All phenols are antimicrobial and were first used as antiseptics. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 92)
Phytoalexins: are formed by the plant in response to infection or infestation.
Phytosterols: mean there is a hydroxyl group attached to the C3 and an extra methyl or ethyl in the side chain. This is what differentiates it from an animal sterol (phyto meaning plant). Ganora says these are soluble in oil. She says these are good for cholesterol, blood lipids, and reduce blood-soluble vitamins in the blood. These are good for enlarged prostates and some are anti-carcinogenic. These also are believed to be responsible for sexual and hormonal toning activities. The major phytosterols which may come up later are beta-sitosterol, campestrerol, and stigmasterol. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 83, 143; Ganora, 2009, 44, 46, 64, 69, 91, 92, 134, 145)
Polyacetylenes are alcohol-solvent between 40-60% (Ganora, 2009, p. 44, 64, 85, 97, 98).
Polysaccharides (mucilage) activate the macrophages which initiates the body’s defenses against pathogens and cancer cells (Hoffman, 2003, p. 544)
Proteins are building blocks of the body. Proteins are listed on many pages and have many functions in the body. These can be water-soluble but it depends on pH. They do break down over time in alcohol. (Ganora, 2009, p. 11, 22, 24, 45, 65, 77, 92, 101). Instead, I'm using my anatomy book. Proteins are the basic building blocks of the body and do so many things for us. Really, just listing "protein" isn't very helpful. Though, i felt the need to list this because there are many break-downs of types of proteins, such as amino acids. (Marieb and Hoehn, 2019, p. 48) The difference in the 2 sources, the first is in how the plant uses it, the second is how the human body uses it. Sometimes they differ. In this instance, they do not but the human body one was easier understood for those who don't have Ganora's book in front of them.
Protopine (Alkaloid):
Pulegone (volatile oil): a mosquito and flea repellent but is toxic in cats so don't let your cats eat a plant containing this. There is also a possibility of it being hepatoxic (bad for the liver) so use with caution or as directed by a professional. (Ganora, 2009, p. 135)
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: There are about 200 compounds that fall in this category due to structural similarities. They are distinguished by a fused 5-memberd ring with nitrogen in position 4, hydroxymethyl group in position 9 and a hydroxyl group in position 7 (structure is called a necine). A lot of these are toxic but not all. (Hoffman, 2003, 123-4, 188, 202-3, 321, 586)
Quercetin (Flavonoid): reduces allergy-induced inflammation, inhibits the growth of head and neck cancers, inhibits reverse transcriptase. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 14)
Racemoside (Triterpene glycosides):
Resins: are not water-soluble and need either alcohol or oil to extract the constituents. The older the sample, the harder it is to extract.
Rosmarinic Acid (Phenolic Acids) is a phenylpropanoid dimer which comes from the rosemary plant but is found in other plants as well. There are quite a few in the Lamiaceae and Boraginaceae families, including thyme. This is a powerful antioxidant, preservative, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, and anti-allergic compound. (Ganora, 2009, p. 65, 109). This is one of the compounds in my Lamiaceae family paper from last semester (2) that gave the plants the ability to help fight off colds. This is water-soluble.
Rutin (Flavonoid): is an anti-inflammatory and loves to scavenge free-radicals. It helps strengthen blood vessels - specifically capillaries and veins. It is also antiviral and antibacterial. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 105)
Salicylic acid (polyphenolic acid) is an anti-inflammatory which a synthetic version is used in aspirin. This by itself can harm the stomach. (Ganora, 2009, p. 17, 19, 65, 107).
Saponins can be antifertility, antihepatoxic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, capillary strengthening, cytotoxic, antitumor, insecticidal, antifeedant, molluscicidal, piscicidal, and plant growth inhibitors. These are listed under the heading "General Properties of Steroidal Saponins". (Hoffman, 2003, p. 81)
Saponin glycosides: Saponins are toxic to cold-blooded animals. They generally occur in plants as glycosides. They are non-toxic to humans. Saponin glycosides are either triterpenoid (30 carbons) or steroidal (27 carbons). I think based on the reading, writing saponin glycoside is the same as writing saponin. These also tend to foam up like soap. It allows the more oily constituents to dissolve in water and vice versa. This constituent can be adaptogenic or antiarthritic. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 49, 200; Ganora, 2009, 141)
Scopoletin (coumarin) is common in the Nightshade family, poppies and grapefruit (Ganora, 2009, p. 65, 110).
Sesquiterpene lactones: these can kill sheep and goats - are highly irritating to their nose, eyes, and gastrointestinal tracts. Other lactones break down the toxins through metabolism. These can help with cancer but can also be cytotoxic so they are often avoided (Hoffman, 2003, p. 70, 174, 199, 370).
Sesquiterpenes: Constituents are often classified based on structure and this particular one makes that hard... There are over 200 structure types. The 3 main structures are acyclic, monocytclic, and bicyclic. Some of these act as pheromones for communication between plants. Some provide a defensive role (Hoffman, 2003, p. 67).
Steroidal saponins are structured like triterpenoids but with 4 rings. These are used as detergents and re in fire extinguishers and fish poisons but are safe for human consumption. They share many of the properties of the higher level, saponins. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 81)
Stigmasterol (Phytosterols):
Sugars:
Sucrose (Sugars):
Symlandine (pyrrolizidine alkaloids) is a mutagen and a pyrrolizidine monoester which is more present in young leaves than old leaves (Ganora, 2009, p. 72, 158, 159).
Symphytine (pyrrolizidine alkaloids): can be hepatoxic. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 124)
Tannins: can damper some of the harsher effects of some constituents but excessive use of them can cause certain cancers. In lab studies, they can inhibit fungi, yeast, bacteria and viruses. They do inhibit some other cancers and are antioxidants. There are different kinds of tannins so the risks vary. They are present in plants to protect them in various ways, depending on location. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 114-117, 201)
Thujone (Volatile oil) may cause convulsions if ingested. Thankfully, he adds 30mg/kg of weight is a toxic level and this is cumulative so ingesting this could be a bad thing. It also causes lesions in the brain's cortex. He does point out if you make a tea (water extract), you won't get the toxic dose. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 66, 199, 530).
Triterpenes are oil-soluble as well as high percentage alcohol soluble. These tend to make great essential oils and are used for steam therapies, like making a peppermint oil and using that to help with congestion through steam, as an example. Reading this section, this can get pretty complicated so I'll only add a bit more if requested. While most triterpenes are NOT water soluble, the glycoside triterpenoids are which is why it's important to know which is which. (Ganora, 2009, p. 45, 46, 68, 134, 140, 141, 142, 144).
Triterpene glycosides:
Triterpenoid saponins: have 30 carbons with 3-5 sugars attached and are generally anti0inflammatory while some are adaptogenic. they can also be antioxidant and vascular toning. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 79; Ganora, 2009, 142)
Tryptophan (amino acid) is the stuff in our thanksgiving turkey dinner that puts us in a coma after eating... LOL The reason for this is tryptophan is a mild sedative that relaxed the consumer (Ganora, 2009, p. 33).
Valerianic ester (esters):
Vanillic acid (polyphenolic acid) is anti-fungal is found in small amounts in the plants it's in (Hoffman, 2003, p. 93).
Vitamins: This just means the plant/herb is a good source of at least one vitamin. Common vitamins are A, B, C, D, and K.
Vitexin:
Volatile oil: Volatile just means they evaporate more quickly than other substances (Ganora, 2009, p. 52, 57, 61, 134, 139). If it says "volatile", you want to use the plant as fresh as possible and try not to warm it up in any way.
Achillein:
Achilleic acid:
Actein (Triterpene glycosides):
Allantoin: promotes the formation of granulation tissue and callus
Alkaloids are defined by Hoffman as "organic compounds with at least one nitrogen atom in the heterocyclic ring". This is the ONLY thing they all have in common. They are not usually soluble in water, nor are their salts. Most are also alkaline (Hoffman, 2003, p. 120-133, 152).
Alpha-lineic Acid (ALA) (Fixed oil) is anti-inflammatory. This is a PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid). The body converts about 5-10% of ALA consumed to EPA which is eicosapentaenoic acid and about 1% to DHA which is docosahexaenoic acid. Omega-6 can suppress this (Ganora, 2009, p. 64, 85, 87, 88).
Amino Acid (Protein) can be very water soluble. The issue here is amino acids vary greatly on pH. Some are water soluble, some are alcohol soluble. Temperature can also have an effect. (Ganora, 2009, 12, 21, 44, 45, 65, 101, 103, 104, 107, 114, 133, 154).
Anthraquinone Glycosides are laxatives that stimulate in the large intestines. Higher doses can cause nausea, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, dizziness, abdominal pain, and kidney damage so it is very important to not exceed the recommended dosage. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 201)
Apigenin (Flavonoid), occasionally on leaves and in ferns, has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, diuretic, and hypotensive properties (Hoffman, 2003, p. 106).
Asparagine is an anti-inflammatory substance.
Aucubin (Glycosides):
Azulene:
Biochanin (isoflavones): phytoestrogenic
Borneol (Volatile oil) is used mainly to make esters, used in cosmetics. It can also be found in some perfumes and can be toxic to the nervous system of mammals (Hoffman, 2003, p. 64).
Bornyl acetate (esters): sedative
Bornyl formate (esters):
Bornyl isovalerianate (esters):
C-glycosides:
Caffeic Acid (Phenolic Acids): it has antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and cardioprotective properties (Ganora, 2009, p. 108). It adds synergy for antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects in herbs such as echinacea.
Calcium is known as for bone-building but is needed for much more in the body. In addition to your bones, it helps with nerve impulses, blood pressure, blood clotting, and muscle contraction. Too much calcium can cause loss of appetite, constipation, drowsiness, dry mouth, depression, high blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light, and irregular heart beat (FC&A Medical Publishing, p. 298-9). If you don't have enough for these functions, your body WILL pull calcium from your bones. Ganora just talks about solubility of this mineral but I'm leaving the pages here anyway (Ganora, 2009, p. 8, 78, 82, 83)
Californine (Alkaloid):
Camphor can irritate the skin. It is also a rubefacient. It cools the skin and has anesthetic and antipruritic actions. Hoffman says here this is used as a moth repellent and having worked with this, I can believe it! It's also used as a preservative in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 65, 86) I have used this to help with sinus issues. My recipe was equal parts camphor, menthol crystals and eucalyptus leaves. Put in how water, inhale the steam. Clears you right up!
Carbohydrates are very water-soluble. They evaporate from alcohol and most are oil-phobic (Ganora, 2009, p. 44, 49, 63, 73).
Carboxylic acids: This is almost all biological acids. These are considered "weak" acids and citric acid is one that is known in this category. These are generally water-soluble. (Ganora, 2009, 17, 19)
Carotenoids are lipid-soluble (fat-soluble) pigments which are found in every plant. In animals, this becomes Vitamin A. As Vitamin A, these are radical scavengers. (word is potentially related to carrot?) (Hoffman, 2003, p. 85, 168)
Cellulose consists primarily of glucose. They are not water-soluble (Hoffman, 2003, p. 44).
Chamazulene (Volatile Oil) has anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic properties (Hoffman, 2003, p. 68).
Chlorogenic acid (Phenolic Acids) is found in coffee and is responsible for its anti-diabetic activity. It "slows intestinal absorption of glucose", "decreases the liver's output of glucose" and strengthens the pancreas in the way the beta cells work. (Ganora, 2009, p. 65, 108). What all this means is you can drink coffee WITHOUT the added sweeteners and it can even be decaf and it will help with your diabetes. This actually makes sense to me (and Ganora mentions studies where this is proven) because coffee is a bitter.
Choline: While Ganora says it's on that page, I don't see it there. (Ganora, 2009, p. 93). I looked it up on Dr. Axe and he gives it an easy-to-understand run-down. The liver can create some of this micronutrient it needs more from food. It is used by the liver, brain, nervous system, and the metabolism.
Cimicifugoside (Triterpene glycosides):
Cimifugine (Triterpene glycosides):
Cimiracemosides (Triterpene glycosides):
Cineol (Volatile oil) is anti-bacterial and is effective against gram-positive organisms. It is also anti-fungal and cytotoxic against cancer in humans such as hepatocellular carcinoma and breast adenocarcinoma MCF7. (Ganora, 2009, p. 135) Ganora listed 4 viruses it knocks out pretty easily but I don't want spelling errors. Essentially it beats up the flu and pneumonia.
Coumarin is hepatoxic is rats and dogs but not humans.
Coumarin derivatives:
Coumarins inhibit aggression but are considered weak. They are phytoestrogenic.
Coumestrol (Coumarin): phytoestrogenic
Cyanogenic glycosides (C-glycosides) (Amino Acid): These are composed of a sugar moiety, 2 variable R groups, and a nitrile group. They are also derived of various amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine. These are bitter compounds that can be toxic but humans do not complete absorption of them. We are able to digest a very small amount as a result. These are more soluble in hot water or hot alcohol.
Diosmin:
Diosphenol:
Echimidine (pyrrolizidine alkaloids) is a pyrrolizidine diester (Ganora, 2009, p. 72, 159).
Emodin (Anthraquinone Glycosides): All Hoffman says on this one is it is in Rumex and Rheum species and some lichen. (p. 98)
Essential Oils are steam soluble. These are often the active compounds in the plant but even more so, they are often needed to activate the other constituents of the plant for a synergistic effect (Ganora, 2009, p. 19, 43, 45, 46, 51, 68 ,109, 134, 137, 139)
Fatty acids: are vital to the body for lipids and Vitamin F which builds and maintains cell membranes (Hoffman, 2003, p. 54-7). Basically, any decent plant-based fat will have this as a constituent and possibly be broken down into the various forms of fat.
Fixed Oils are soluble in dietary oils and slightly soluble in ethanol. Examples are omega-3s, EFAs, PUFAs, DHA, and EPA which can be found in olive oil, palm, oil, hempseed oil, walnut oil, avocado oil, flax oil, almond oil and coconut oil (Ganora, 2009, p. 44, 45, 46, 47, 64, 85).
Flavonoids: (I feel like I've discussed this one before, recently) all polyphenolic plant pigments of a specific structure. There are over 4,000 of them. These are broken down into categories: Catechins, dihydrochalones, chalones, flavanones (dihydroflavones), flavones, isoflavones, anthocyanides, aurones, flavanols, and flavonols. This general proprty is immunomodulatory due to antioxidant/free-radical scavenging ability. (Hoffman, 2006, p. 100-102, 152, 167, 170, 174)
Formononetin (isoflavones): phytoestrogenic
Fructose (polysaccharide, mucilage): is a natural sweetener found in some soft drinks. This is listed under the heading of foods that can cause gas. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 263)
Genistein (isoflavones): phytoestrogenic
Glycosides: are compounds that contain a sugar unit attached to a non-carbohydrate molecule (aglycone). The sugar makes them easier to absorb, making to aglycone more bioavailable than others. They are categorized by the sugar, aglycone, or the link between the 2. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 41, 48, 199)
Glycyrrhizin (saponin):
Gum:
Gynocardin (Cyanogenic glycosides):
Harman (Indole alkaloids) depresses motor function in animal testing (Hoffman, 2003, p. 128).
Harmaline (Indole alkaloids) has entheogenic properties, used to treat parkinson's at one time (Hoffman, 2003, p. 128).
Harmine (Indole alkaloids) stimulates the nervous system and can cause convulsions at high doses (Hoffman, 2003, p. 128).
Harmol (Indole Alkaloid): Ganora has these (all the harm(...) constituents) listed as simple beta-carboline alkaloids which falls under indole alkaloids. There is no further information on it. (Ganora, 2009, p. 70)
Hesperidin (Flavonoid): raises HDL cholesterol and lowers LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. It is also anti-inflammatory and analgesic. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 14)
Humulene: anti-bacterial
Indole alkaloids (Alkaloid) are the second largest group of alkaloids. The majority are derived from tryptophan. They can be hallucinogenic or poisonous, strychnine comes from this group. These compounds are used in treating Hodgkin's disease, lymphosarcoma, and reticulum cell sarcoma (cancers) (Hoffman, 2003, p. 127-30, 204).
Inulins are composed mainly of fructose. They are found in many foods, including the processed food created by the industry. They ferment in the colon for that healthy microbiome. They are antitumor, anitmicrobial, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antiosteoprotic, improve mineral absorption and balance. Some of these have alack of enough studies to fully state they are FACT but these are traditional uses. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 45)
Isoferulic acid:
Isoflavones: Depending on which ones, are only found in the Papilionoideae subfamily of the Fabaceae family.
Isoleucine (Amino Acid, cyanogenic glycoside) is cyanogenic glycoside (Ganora, 2009, p. 104). This means too much is toxic.
Isovitexin:
Kaempferol (3,5,7,4-tetrahydroxyflavone) (Flavonoids): responsible for eliminating free radicals in plants caused by UV radiation of the sun. (Ganora, p 120)
Lignans tend to have antibacterial, antifungal, and antifeedant properties (Hoffman, 2003, p. 112-4, 143, 175).
Lime can contain furanocoumarins which can cause a poison-ivy-like rash. (Ganora, 2009, p. 111)
Limonene (Volatile oil): This is the main constituent in oils from citrus fruits. It has expectorant and sedative activities. It has the potential to prevent pancreatic and breast cancer. it can be used to dissolve gallstones. There is potential for this to irritate the skin if sensitives are present. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 63-4)
Linalool (Volatile oil) can be used as an antiseptic, sedative and is fungistatic. It can be found in perfumes (Hoffman, 2003, p. 64).
Linoleic (Fatty acids):
Linolenic (Fatty acids):
Lipids are primarily only soluble in alcohol (best used as a tincture rather than a tea). This group is so vast, it gets a whole chapter in Hoffman which means I don't think it can be broken down to only one action or so. They are part of all biological membranes, provide fuel and store energy, store vitamins and hormones, provide immunological coatings for cells, provide water-proof coatings, and carry vitamins such as A, D, E, and K in the blood. Yes, these are fat cells but this proves why some fat is needed. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 54-61, 166)
Lithospermic (Phenolic Acid): is found in roots in the Boraginaceae family and potentially has contraceptive properties (Hoffman, 2003, p. 93).
Lupulinic acid: anti-bacterial
Luteolin is exuded from many leaves. He doesn't list any actions with it but that's okay (Hoffman, 2003, p. 106).
Luteolin glycosides:
Lycopsamine (pyrrolizidine alkaloids) is a mutagen and a pyrrolizidine monoester which is more present in young leaves than old leaves (Ganora, 2009, p. 72, 158, 159).
Lysine (Amino Acid): Lysine is used to treat cold sores. I know the index says it's in Ganora and I'm leaving the reference here in case I find the correct page in the future but It's not on the page it says it is (Ganora, 2009, p. 162).
Maltol:
Martairesinol (Lignan) is not oil-soluble (Ganora, 2009, p. 66, 112).
Menthol (Volatile oil) is an inhalant used for bronchial symptoms as well as nasal congestion. It is a carminative and gastric sedative when used internally. Externally used, it's antipruritic, analgesic, and antiseptic. In rare cases, it can cause reactions such as contact dermatitis (a rash) (Hoffman, 2003, p. 64).
Methionine (Amino Acid) is an amino acid that contains sulfur (Ganora, 2009, p. 11).
Minerals: This just means the plant/herb is a good source of at least one mineral. Common minerals are iron, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium.
Mucilage are primarily demulcents and emollients. Their slimy coating soothes and protects exposed/irritated surfaces in the gastrointestinal tract. They are great for treating ulcers and can't be digested so they are great for bowel movements. Small quantities even absorb excess water in the colon. These should be prepared as needed rather than stored. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 50-1, 226)
Organic acids are generally water-soluble but more so in the neutral to basic range (Ganora, 2009, p. 42, 44, 63, 73, 74, 81, 82, 83).
Oxalates are a form of oxalic acid. It's an organic acid that comes in insoluble form as calcium salt or potassium salt. In high amounts, they can be toxic because they reduce the bio-availability of minerals. These can cause kidney stones but simply avoiding them is not the answer as many things can cause this. Plants that are considered high in oxalates are yellow dock, lamb's quarters, amaranth, pigweed greens, rhubarb leaves, Oxalis spp., skunk cabbage, and Jack-in-the-pulpit. (Ganora, p. 82-3)
P-coumeric acid (polyphenolic acid) is apparently quite prolific in the plant world. It is antifungal and antihepatoxic. It may have some cytotoxicity (Hoffman, 2003, p. 94).
Pectin (heteropolysaccharide) is a "linear polysaccharide" which contains primarily D-galacturonic acid. They are in apples and citrus fruits primarily and become gelatinous. Pectin has been used in the treatment of diarrhea with other things as well as cholesterol, and as an antithombotic. It may help with colorectal cancer (Hoffman, 2003, p. 47). Pectin is used to make jelly.
Perillyl alcohol (POH): for cancer
Phenolic acids are best described as antimicrobial in the urinary tract and anti-inflammatory. All phenols are antimicrobial and were first used as antiseptics. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 92)
Phytoalexins: are formed by the plant in response to infection or infestation.
Phytosterols: mean there is a hydroxyl group attached to the C3 and an extra methyl or ethyl in the side chain. This is what differentiates it from an animal sterol (phyto meaning plant). Ganora says these are soluble in oil. She says these are good for cholesterol, blood lipids, and reduce blood-soluble vitamins in the blood. These are good for enlarged prostates and some are anti-carcinogenic. These also are believed to be responsible for sexual and hormonal toning activities. The major phytosterols which may come up later are beta-sitosterol, campestrerol, and stigmasterol. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 83, 143; Ganora, 2009, 44, 46, 64, 69, 91, 92, 134, 145)
Polyacetylenes are alcohol-solvent between 40-60% (Ganora, 2009, p. 44, 64, 85, 97, 98).
Polysaccharides (mucilage) activate the macrophages which initiates the body’s defenses against pathogens and cancer cells (Hoffman, 2003, p. 544)
Proteins are building blocks of the body. Proteins are listed on many pages and have many functions in the body. These can be water-soluble but it depends on pH. They do break down over time in alcohol. (Ganora, 2009, p. 11, 22, 24, 45, 65, 77, 92, 101). Instead, I'm using my anatomy book. Proteins are the basic building blocks of the body and do so many things for us. Really, just listing "protein" isn't very helpful. Though, i felt the need to list this because there are many break-downs of types of proteins, such as amino acids. (Marieb and Hoehn, 2019, p. 48) The difference in the 2 sources, the first is in how the plant uses it, the second is how the human body uses it. Sometimes they differ. In this instance, they do not but the human body one was easier understood for those who don't have Ganora's book in front of them.
Protopine (Alkaloid):
Pulegone (volatile oil): a mosquito and flea repellent but is toxic in cats so don't let your cats eat a plant containing this. There is also a possibility of it being hepatoxic (bad for the liver) so use with caution or as directed by a professional. (Ganora, 2009, p. 135)
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: There are about 200 compounds that fall in this category due to structural similarities. They are distinguished by a fused 5-memberd ring with nitrogen in position 4, hydroxymethyl group in position 9 and a hydroxyl group in position 7 (structure is called a necine). A lot of these are toxic but not all. (Hoffman, 2003, 123-4, 188, 202-3, 321, 586)
Quercetin (Flavonoid): reduces allergy-induced inflammation, inhibits the growth of head and neck cancers, inhibits reverse transcriptase. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 14)
Racemoside (Triterpene glycosides):
Resins: are not water-soluble and need either alcohol or oil to extract the constituents. The older the sample, the harder it is to extract.
Rosmarinic Acid (Phenolic Acids) is a phenylpropanoid dimer which comes from the rosemary plant but is found in other plants as well. There are quite a few in the Lamiaceae and Boraginaceae families, including thyme. This is a powerful antioxidant, preservative, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, and anti-allergic compound. (Ganora, 2009, p. 65, 109). This is one of the compounds in my Lamiaceae family paper from last semester (2) that gave the plants the ability to help fight off colds. This is water-soluble.
Rutin (Flavonoid): is an anti-inflammatory and loves to scavenge free-radicals. It helps strengthen blood vessels - specifically capillaries and veins. It is also antiviral and antibacterial. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 105)
Salicylic acid (polyphenolic acid) is an anti-inflammatory which a synthetic version is used in aspirin. This by itself can harm the stomach. (Ganora, 2009, p. 17, 19, 65, 107).
Saponins can be antifertility, antihepatoxic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, capillary strengthening, cytotoxic, antitumor, insecticidal, antifeedant, molluscicidal, piscicidal, and plant growth inhibitors. These are listed under the heading "General Properties of Steroidal Saponins". (Hoffman, 2003, p. 81)
Saponin glycosides: Saponins are toxic to cold-blooded animals. They generally occur in plants as glycosides. They are non-toxic to humans. Saponin glycosides are either triterpenoid (30 carbons) or steroidal (27 carbons). I think based on the reading, writing saponin glycoside is the same as writing saponin. These also tend to foam up like soap. It allows the more oily constituents to dissolve in water and vice versa. This constituent can be adaptogenic or antiarthritic. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 49, 200; Ganora, 2009, 141)
Scopoletin (coumarin) is common in the Nightshade family, poppies and grapefruit (Ganora, 2009, p. 65, 110).
Sesquiterpene lactones: these can kill sheep and goats - are highly irritating to their nose, eyes, and gastrointestinal tracts. Other lactones break down the toxins through metabolism. These can help with cancer but can also be cytotoxic so they are often avoided (Hoffman, 2003, p. 70, 174, 199, 370).
Sesquiterpenes: Constituents are often classified based on structure and this particular one makes that hard... There are over 200 structure types. The 3 main structures are acyclic, monocytclic, and bicyclic. Some of these act as pheromones for communication between plants. Some provide a defensive role (Hoffman, 2003, p. 67).
Steroidal saponins are structured like triterpenoids but with 4 rings. These are used as detergents and re in fire extinguishers and fish poisons but are safe for human consumption. They share many of the properties of the higher level, saponins. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 81)
Stigmasterol (Phytosterols):
Sugars:
Sucrose (Sugars):
Symlandine (pyrrolizidine alkaloids) is a mutagen and a pyrrolizidine monoester which is more present in young leaves than old leaves (Ganora, 2009, p. 72, 158, 159).
Symphytine (pyrrolizidine alkaloids): can be hepatoxic. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 124)
Tannins: can damper some of the harsher effects of some constituents but excessive use of them can cause certain cancers. In lab studies, they can inhibit fungi, yeast, bacteria and viruses. They do inhibit some other cancers and are antioxidants. There are different kinds of tannins so the risks vary. They are present in plants to protect them in various ways, depending on location. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 114-117, 201)
Thujone (Volatile oil) may cause convulsions if ingested. Thankfully, he adds 30mg/kg of weight is a toxic level and this is cumulative so ingesting this could be a bad thing. It also causes lesions in the brain's cortex. He does point out if you make a tea (water extract), you won't get the toxic dose. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 66, 199, 530).
Triterpenes are oil-soluble as well as high percentage alcohol soluble. These tend to make great essential oils and are used for steam therapies, like making a peppermint oil and using that to help with congestion through steam, as an example. Reading this section, this can get pretty complicated so I'll only add a bit more if requested. While most triterpenes are NOT water soluble, the glycoside triterpenoids are which is why it's important to know which is which. (Ganora, 2009, p. 45, 46, 68, 134, 140, 141, 142, 144).
Triterpene glycosides:
Triterpenoid saponins: have 30 carbons with 3-5 sugars attached and are generally anti0inflammatory while some are adaptogenic. they can also be antioxidant and vascular toning. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 79; Ganora, 2009, 142)
Tryptophan (amino acid) is the stuff in our thanksgiving turkey dinner that puts us in a coma after eating... LOL The reason for this is tryptophan is a mild sedative that relaxed the consumer (Ganora, 2009, p. 33).
Valerianic ester (esters):
Vanillic acid (polyphenolic acid) is anti-fungal is found in small amounts in the plants it's in (Hoffman, 2003, p. 93).
Vitamins: This just means the plant/herb is a good source of at least one vitamin. Common vitamins are A, B, C, D, and K.
Vitexin:
Volatile oil: Volatile just means they evaporate more quickly than other substances (Ganora, 2009, p. 52, 57, 61, 134, 139). If it says "volatile", you want to use the plant as fresh as possible and try not to warm it up in any way.
Therapeutic Actions
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Alteratives: Blood cleaners (Griffin, 1997, p. 7). This means if you are having problems with absorbing nutrients these can help. They also eliminate metabolic waste which can make the body feel sluggish and low in energy. Analgesics are pain relievers (Griffin, 1997, p. 7). The most common pain treated is rheumatic pain because treating the symptom (pain) doesn't make the problem go away. These should be used on a temporary basis while the problem is being addressed to ease the sufferer. (Hoffman, 2003, 410) Anodyne just means pain relief. Antacids: Antiabortives: Antiasthmatics: Anti-bacterial means it kills bacteria, generally associated with infections. Antibiotics: Inhibit the growth or destroy bacteria/viruses/fungi while boosting the immune system (Griffin, 1997, p. 7) Anticatarrhals: Anti-inflammatory is much more than "brings down inflammation". There are many things that cause inflammation: infection, auto-immune stimuli, or mechanical injury. As a result, you can't just use ANY anti-inflammatory. Understanding the nature of the inflammation is vital for proper treatment. It's important to remember inflammation is a SYMPTOM and anti-inflammatories should be taken with other things to address the root problem. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 158-9, 243, 247, 487-90) Anti-microbial encompasses all microbes, not just viral or bacterial. Antineoplastic can also be called anti-tumor as it inhibits or stops neoplasm which creates tumors. Antipyretics: Reduce fever – these neutralize acidic blood to cool the body (Griffin, 1997, p. 7) Antirheumatic is obviously the ability to prevent, relieve or cure they symptoms of rheumatism. Hoffman points out here that these are symptoms, not the underlying cause. So, like with pain treatment, this is JUST treatment of the symptom. (Hoffman, 2003, p. 409, 493-494) Antiscorbutic means it works against scurvy. Antiseptics are used to prevent bacteria growth internally and externally. (Griffin, 1997, p. 7) Antispasmodics help with muscle cramps and spasms (Griffin, 1997, p. 7). Coughing is also a result of this spasm activity so a lot of these herbs are used to relieve cough. Hoffman likes to remind people that just because the cough is relieved doesn't mean the cause of the cough is gone. We should strive to fix the cause, not just the symptom. Often, the cough should be allowed to happen because the body clearly doesn't want something in there. Anti-ulcer (peptic) clearly helps with peptic ulcers. In some cases, they know what action makes this work, in others, they don't. An example of this working is coating it in mucous so it can heal. Anti-viral means it works against viruses, often the flu. Aphrodisiacs: Astringents: These are great for swollen tonsils and hemorrhoids but they also dry up the mucous discharge. These treat the symptom, not the cause of the symptom. (Griffin, 1997, p. 8) Bitter: Somehow this is not already defined though I've talked about it. The title for the section of bitters is "Digestive System Tonics". One of the things these herbs that have a bitter taste do is stimulate the digestive system. Bitters actually have a whole-body effect as a classification. The taste buds trigger a response in the body (other than that shudder). Bitter herbs stimulate the appetite, the release of digestive juices, aid the liver in detoxing the body and increasing the flow of bile, help regulate pancreas hormones, and help the gut wall repair damage. They also help the heart and circulation. Some are even anti-depressants. Coffee is a bitter. You're welcome. For people like me who don't like bitter, the list above should be a thought-provoker in why we should "acquire the taste". (Hoffman, 2003, p. 243, 410, 498-501). Carminatives: relieve gas/intestinal stagnation, increase circulation (Griffin, 1997, p. 8) Cathartic means to accelerate defecation while laxatives ease that process. Cholagogues promote the flow of bile and stimulate appetite (Griffin, 1997, p. 8). Demulcents soothe inflamed tissue (Griffin, 1997, p. 8). These tend to be mucilaginous. Meaning they "lube" up the tissues to reduce the inflammation. This would be why 2 of the tinctures I did were so thick, they didn't want to strain well and were slimy to touch. Deobstruent helps with blockages in natural ducts. Depurative act as a detoxifier. They remove toxins, not just from the blood but from the body. Detergent: I can't find this in my books and that means it could mean many things. It could mean the root word of deter or it could mean it's a detoxifier in that the normal use of the word is a cleaner which traps dirt within itself and washes it away. This probably means it creates suds when shaken. Detoxifying: Essentially, the food we eat, the environment we live in (not just during these modern days) have things in there our body can't process or use. These things may cause harm if left in the body so a form of detox is needed. The body does this naturally but some herbs help with this process. There are also modified genes these days that interfere with these actions so detox, bitter, tonic, and diuretics may be your friend based on what is needed. Diaphoretics: Served as a warm tea, they promote sweating, Served cold, they act as diuretics. These focus on the respiratory system, including sinuses. There are 2 types: Stimulating drain the lymphatic system to target those swollen glands. Relaxing reduces fevers and skin toxins. They help with acute symptoms. (Griffin, 1997, p. 8) Digestants: Diuretics increase urination by helping elimination through the kidneys and bladder. They help eliminate toxins from the blood and reduce edema and swelling from the waist down (Griffin, 1997, p. 9). Emmenagogues: Emollients soften and sooth the skin. (Griffin, 1997, p. 9) Expectorants are the ones that make you cough up and spit out mucous. This includes mucous from the sinuses, lungs and stomach. (Griffin, 1997, p. 9) The cough itself is relieved by antispasmodics but this is why you want to think before taking cough medicine. The body wants to get rid of that mucous for a reason. Febrifuge is the same as saying antipyretic. It brings the body temperature down. Galactogogue is something all pending mothers should be interested in. This is the action that stimulates the production of breast milk (Griffin, 1997, p. 10). If you have a baby coming, I did a paper on the benefits of breast milk with the baby's gut. If you can't breastfeed, I addressed that in my paper as well but this would be a great option if you are afraid of poor milk supply. Hemostatics: Stop hemorrhaging and are classified as astringents (Griffin, 1997, p. 10) Hepatics are good for the kidneys. Hypnotic and tranquilizing are the same thing, just means relaxing. Hypotensive means it lowers blood pressure. Hoffman has a list of these herbs so here is the reference and I'll add a list later if I don't have one up yet (Hoffman, 2003, p. 516). Laxatives: There are 3 kinds. Stimulants promote bile and increase digestion. Basically, your stomach works better so the stuff comes out of you correctly. Lithotriptics dissolve kidney and/or gallstones. Lubricants moisten the system and help firm things up for expulsion (without being gross). (Griffin, 1997, p. 10) Nervines: These calm and nourish the nervous system, promote mental clarity, and relieve spasms, pain and congestion. There are 2 types: warming helps with chronic issues, insomnia being a good example. Cooling helps with anger, hypertension, and migraines (Griffin, 1997, p. 10). Nutritive is also self-explanatory. These herbs supply vitamins and minerals the body needs for optimal health. Many prefer to take the vitamin they buy in the store but what else is in there? This would be the better option if it's available to you. Oxytonics: Parasiticides: Pectoral means "relating to the chest" which probably means in this case, it's good for the respiratory system and other chest-related things such as the heart. This is just a guess until I find a reliable source. Phytoestrogenic is a plant-based estrogen. This is why it's recommended for menopausal treatments. As always, some plants are more effective than others. Purgatives: Refrigerant probably refers to the cooling nature of the herb. This is something which refers to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). TCM believes like things heal. So, if you have a "cold" problem, you use a "cold" herb. This was explained to me really well by a teacher last semester who uses it in his practice. Hot and cold are the two most common but there are others - stimulant and relaxant, for example. Rejuvenatives: Rubefacients: Sedative is also self-explanatory. It helps you relax, perhaps even sleep. These are great when you are stressed. Some can be abused so it's better to find an activity that enhances this feeling but the herbs are available if needed. Sialagogues: Styptic is similar to astringent but it causes contraction in tissues and canals. Tonics: called "nutritive" and clean the blood in a way that helps the body harmonize (Griffin, 1997, p. 11). They help the lymphatic system work better as well. I think they are considered nutritive because when you have a bunch of crud trolling your system, it's difficult to absorb the nutrients your body requires. If you clean up your system a bit, the body can better absorb those things it requires. Tranquilizing and hypnotic are the same thing, just means relaxing. Vulneraries promote cell growth/repair (griffin, 1997, p. 11). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Tierra, M. (1988). Planetary Herbology: An Integration of Western Herbs into the Traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic Systems. Twin Lakes, WI: Lotus Press.
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Tisserand, R and Young, R. (2014). Essential Oil Safety: A guide for healthcare professionals, 2nd ed. Churchill Livingstone.
Tourles, S. (2007). Organic Body Care Recipes: 175 Homemade Herbal Formulas for Glowing Skin and A Vibrant Self. Storey Publishing.
Ulbricht, C. E. (2010). Natural Standard Herb & Supplement Guide: An Evidence-based Guide. Mosby, Inc. Elsevier, Inc.
Weil, A. (2007). 8 Weeks to Optimal Health: A proven program for taking full advantage of your body’s natural Healing Power. New York, NY: Ballantine Books.
Weiss, R. F. & Fintelmann, V. (2000) Herbal Medicine. Theime.
Wisper, T. (2014). Making Tinctures: Beyond the folk method. Thyme Whisper Herb Shop, Inc.
Wood, M. (2004). The Practice of Traditional Western Herbalism: Basic, Doctrine, Energetics and Classification. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.
Worwood, V. A. (2016). The Complete Book of Essential Oils & Aromatherapy. Novato, California. New World Library.